The U.S. detention center at Guantanamo Bay has long been synonymous with torture, secrecy, and the abuse of executive power. It has come to epitomize lawlessness and has sparked protracted legal ...battles and political debate. For too long, however, Guantanamo has been viewed in isolation and has overshadowed a larger, interconnected global detention system that includes other military prisons such as Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, secret CIA jails, and the transfer of prisoners to other countries for torture. Guantanamo is simply - and alarmingly - the most visible example of a much larger prison system designed to operate outside the law.Habeas Corpus after 9/11 examines the rise of the U.S.-run global detention system that emerged after 9/11 and the efforts to challenge it through habeas corpus (a petition to appear in court to claim unlawful imprisonment). Habeas expert and litigator Jonathan Hafetz gives us an insider's view of the detention of enemy combatants and an accessible explanation of the complex forces that keep these systems running. In the age of terrorism, some argue that habeas corpus is impractical and unwise. Hafetz advocates that it remains the single most important check against arbitrary and unlawful detention, torture, and the abuse of executive power.
Most designers know that yellow text presented against a blue background reads clearly and easily, but how many can explain why, and what really are the best ways to help others and ourselves clearly ...see key patterns in a bunch of data? When we use software, access a website, or view business or scientific graphics, our understanding is greatly enhanced or impeded by the way the information is presented. This book explores the art and science of why we see objects the way we do. Based on the science of perception and vision, the author presents the key principles at work for a wide range of applications--resulting in visualization of improved clarity, utility, and persuasiveness. The book offers practical guidelines that can be applied by anyone: interaction designers, graphic designers of all kinds (including web designers), data miners, and financial analysts. * Complete update of the recognized source in industry, research, and academic for applicable guidance on information visualizing * Includes the latest research and state of the art information on multimedia presentation * More than 160 explicit design guidelines based on vision science * A new final chapter that explains the process of visual thinking and how visualizations help us to think about problems * Packed with over 400 informative full color illustrations, which are key to understanding of the subject
The consummate guide on the contemporary management of complex skull base tumors from renowned multidisciplinary experts! An increased understanding of the biology and molecular characterization of ...skull base tumors has led to innovative new approaches. Endoscopic tumor resection, surgical reconstruction, and advances in radiation delivery, chemotherapy, and targeted biologic therapy, have greatly expanded treatment options for patients with these challenging tumors. The updated second edition of Comprehensive Management of Skull Base Tumors by master surgeons Ehab Hanna, Franco DeMonte, and an impressive group of global experts reflects expanded knowledge of skull base tumors and evidence-based advances. This generously illustrated second edition is organized into three sections with 42 chapters. Section I features expanded coverage of endonasal skull base anatomy and surgical principles, as well as radiotherapeutic advances such as proton therapy and stereotactic radiation. Section II is focused on site- specific procedures with emphasis on surgical approaches, and Section III focuses on tumor-specific considerations with emphasis on multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Core topics of this thorough book include pathology, genetics, diagnostic considerations, surgical reconstruction, rehabilitation, chemotherapy, functional outcomes, quality of life issues, neurocognitive assessment, and cerebrovascular management. Key Features * In-depth discussion of anatomic regions of the cranial base, including surgical anatomy, regional pathology, differential diagnosis, clinical assessment, diagnostic imaging, and surgical approaches * Incidence, epidemiology, pathology, staging, multidisciplinary treatment, outcome, and prognosis for a wide range of neoplasms including squamous cell carcinoma, chondrosarcomas, chordomas, meningiomas, schwannomas, paragangliomas, pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, epidermoids, and fibro-osseous lesions * Outstanding illustrations, surgical and clinical photos, imaging, tables, and videos new to this edition, enhance understanding of complex skull base tumors The most comprehensive resource available today on the management and treatment of skull base tumors, this book is essential reading for neurosurgical and otolaryngology residents. It will also benefit surgeons who specialize in oromaxillofacial, craniofacial, and plastic and reconstructive surgery.
•Coordination chemistry of penta-, hexa- and heptadentate Schiff base ligands.•Penta-, hexa- and heptadentate Schiff base ligands with donor sets combining N, O, S or P donors.•Structural aspects of ...their transition metal, main group, lanthanide and actinide complexes.•Linear and macrocyclic pentadentate Schiff bases and their metal complexes.•Discussion of structures and physico-chemical properties of SB metal complexes.
Novel ligand platforms that promote reactivity are of long standing and continued interest in coordination chemistry, with Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes representing one of the most versatile and long standing topics of interest. The synthesis and structure of polydentate Schiff bases and their metal complexes is fascinating, because it reveals a great richness of structural, physico-chemical and catalytic properties. Given the simplicity and ease of access to multidentate Schiff bases and their metal complexes, investigation of such compounds is essential to precise and understand structure–property relationships in order to optimize and improve their use in a wide range of fields, including catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, magnetism, electrochemistry, nanoscience, energy materials, and biological applications. This review highlights the recent developments of pentadentate, hexadentate, heptadentate and macrocyclic Schiff base ligands containing various donor sets made of different combinations of N, O, S or P donor atoms and their metal complexes (essentially mononuclear), as well as presenting synthetic methods and interesting structures of complexes formed by first-to-third row transition metals (from group 4–12), main group elements, lanthanides and actinides. This review is divided into three main sections, each of them corresponding to one type of denticity of the Schiff base under consideration. Each category is described with representative examples according to a periodic order, and emphasis is given to the coordination aspects. Their catalytic, magnetic and biological properties are also outlined. This review that contains 359 references should act as a source of information to researchers interested to work in this domain and stimulate further investigation in this fascinating area of Schiff base coordination compounds.
Disregarding the widely used division of skull base into anterior and lateral, since the skull base should be conceived as a single anatomic structure, it was to our convenience to group all those ...approaches that run from the antero-lateral, pure lateral and postero-lateral side of the skull base as “Surgery of the lateral skull base”. “50 years of endeavour” points to the great effort which has been made over the last decades, when more and more difficult surgeries were performed by reducing morbidity. The principle of lateral skull base surgery, “Remove skull base bone to approach the base itself and the adjacent sites of the endo-esocranium”, was then combined with function preservation and with tailoring surgery to the pathology. The concept that histology dictates the extent of resection, balancing the intrinsic morbidity of each approach was the object of the first section of the present report. The main surgical approaches were described in the second section and were conceived not as a step-by-step description of technique, but as the highlighthening of the surgical principles. The third section was centered on open issues related to the tumor and its treatment. The topic of vestibular schwannoma was investigated with the current debate on observation, hearing preservation surgery, hearing rehabilitation, radiotherapy and the recent efforts to detect biological markers able to predict their growth. Jugular foramen paragangliomas were treated in the frame of radical or partial surgery, radiotherapy, partial “tailored” surgery and observation. Surgery on meningioma was debated from the point of view of the neurosurgeon and of the otologist. Endolymphatic sac tumors and malignant tumors of the external auditory canal were also treated, as well as chordomas, chondrosarcomas and petrous bone cholesteatomas. Finally, the fourth section focused on free-choice topics which were assigned to aknowledged experts. The aim of this work was attempting to report the state of the art of the lateral skull base surgery after 50 years of hard work and, above all, to raise questions on those issues which still need an answer, as to allow progress in knowledge through sharing of various experiences. At the end of the reading, if more doubts remain rather than certainties, the aim of this work will probably be achieved.
Chirurgia della base del cranio laterale: 50 anni di impegno.Riassunto: La base del cranio non è anatomicamente divisa in anteriore e laterale, ma è per semplicità che comunemente si intendono i corridoi chirurgici con direzione antero-laterale, laterale pura e postero laterale come “Approcci chirurgici della base del cranio laterale”. Una relazione con titolo “Cinquant’anni di impegno”, di sforzo o di dedizione, vuole essere il riconoscimento a questa chirurgia che nel corso degli anni ha sviluppato interventi sempre più complessi con una morbidità sempre minore. Il principio della chirurgia della base del cranio laterale si fonda sulla possibilità di “fare spazio”, esporre adeguatamente, rimuovere osso per salvaguardare il cervello, insieme alla possibilità di preservare la funzione e adattare l’approccio chirurgico all’istologia della lesione. Il concetto che l’istologia detta l’entità della resezione chirurgica, bilanciando la morbidità intrinseca di ciascun approccio, è oggetto di trattazione nella prima sezione di questa relazione. Nella seconda sezione sono descritti i principali approcci chirurgici, intesi non come descrizione tecnica di ciascun tempo chirurgico, ma dei principi che sono alla base di ciascun approccio. La terza sezione è dedicata alle questioni aperte, quelle ancora irrisolte, inerenti alcuni tumori ed il loro trattamento. L’argomento del neurinoma sporadico dell’ottavo nervo cranico è trattato riportando l'attuale dibattito sulla osservazione, la chirurgia di preservazione dell’udito, la riabilitazione con l’impianto cocleare, la radioterapia e le ricerche recenti su marcatori tumorali predittivi di crescita. Il paraganglioma del forame giugulare è trattato nel contesto della chirurgia radicale, chirurgia parziale, osservazione e radioterapia. La terapia dei meningiomi della base del cranio analizza il punto di vista specifico dell’otochirurgo e del neurochirurgo. Cordomi e condrosarcomi, tumori del sacco endolinfatico, carcinomi dell’orecchio e colesteatoma della rocca sono le altre lesioni affrontate. Infine, nella quarta sezione è proposto un contributo a libera scelta ad autori di riconosciuta esperienza. Lo scopo di questa relazione è stato quello di fornire un aggiornamento della chirurgia della base del cranio laterale dopo 50 anni di duro lavoro e, o forse soprattutto, di permettere alle tante questioni irrisolte, alle domande che ancora non hanno risposta, di trovare espressione, affinchè il dibattito ed il progresso possano continuare con la condivisione di esperienze. Se al termine della lettura vi saranno più domande che risposte, potremo dirci che l’obiettivo di questa relazione è stato raggiunto.
Sinonasal tumors invading anterior skull base is difficult to treat in Otorhinolaryngology and Neurosurgery. Treatment requires the collaboration of ear, nose and throat (ENT) and neurosurgeon to ...remove the tumor completely. This study was to evaluate the outcome of combined technique nasal endoscopic and subfrontal approach in case of sinonasal tumors involving anterior skull base.
Retrospective cross-sectional study.
The study was a cross-sectional study that had taken place at Otorhinolaryngology and Neurosurgery Department of Cho Ray Hospital, Vietnam. All 45 patients were enrolled and underwent the surgery. 71.1% of these cases were malignant tumors. The ratio of sinonasal malignant tumor is squamous cell carcinoma and esthesioneuroblastoma were 24.4% and 11.1%, respectively. All the cases were diagnosed as sinonasal tumor invading anterior skull base and successfully removed by combining nasal endoscopic approach with subfrontal craniotomy.
The combined nasal endoscopic with subfrontal craniotomy for resection nasoethmoid tumor invading the brain show a good result. This technique is an important adjunct that contribute to the treatment of anterior skull base tumor involving the brain.
In recent years, much progress has been made on the development of aerospace materials for structural and engine applications. Alloys, such as Al-based alloys, Mg-based alloys, Ti-based alloys, and ...Ni-based alloys, are developed for aerospace industry with outstanding advantages. Composite materials, the innovative materials, are taking more and more important roles in aircrafts. However, recent aerospace materials still face some major challenges, such as insufficient mechanical properties, fretting wear, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion. Consequently, extensive studies have been conducted to develop the next generation aerospace materials with superior mechanical performance and corrosion resistance to achieve improvements in both performance and life cycle cost. This review focuses on the following topics: (1) materials requirements in design of aircraft structures and engines, (2) recent advances in the development of aerospace materials, (3) challenges faced by recent aerospace materials, and (4) future trends in aerospace materials.
“How I Do It”—Skull Base Surgery Bernardo, Antonio; Evins, Alexander I.
World neurosurgery,
April 2023, 2023-Apr, 2023-04-00, 20230401, Letnik:
172
Journal Article
Abstract
Rfam is a database of RNA families where each of the 3444 families is represented by a multiple sequence alignment of known RNA sequences and a covariance model that can be used to search ...for additional members of the family. Recent developments have involved expert collaborations to improve the quality and coverage of Rfam data, focusing on microRNAs, viral and bacterial RNAs. We have completed the first phase of synchronising microRNA families in Rfam and miRBase, creating 356 new Rfam families and updating 40. We established a procedure for comprehensive annotation of viral RNA families starting with Flavivirus and Coronaviridae RNAs. We have also increased the coverage of bacterial and metagenome-based RNA families from the ZWD database. These developments have enabled a significant growth of the database, with the addition of 759 new families in Rfam 14. To facilitate further community contribution to Rfam, expert users are now able to build and submit new families using the newly developed Rfam Cloud family curation system. New Rfam website features include a new sequence similarity search powered by RNAcentral, as well as search and visualisation of families with pseudoknots. Rfam is freely available at https://rfam.org.
Effects of Nd content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of gravity cast Al-12Si-4Cu-2Ni-0.8Mg alloys are reported. Metallographic and image analysis techniques have been used to ...quantitatively examine the microstructural changes at different Nd contents. It is found that adding 0.2% Nd to the as-cast Al-12Si-4Cu-2Ni-0.8Mg alloys has little influence on tensile properties at ambient temperature, but improves them at elevated temperature. The optimal UTS is 118.5 MPa at 300 °C and 74.2 MPa at 350 °C. It is due to the disappearance of the unstable phases at high temperature such as θ-Al2Cu, γ-Al7Cu4Ni and parts of Q-Al5Cu2Mg8Si6 and formation of the high melting block-like Nd-containing phases.
•Adding 0.2% Nd to alloy has little influence on tensile properties at 25 °C.•Adding 0.2% Nd to alloy improve the tensile properties beyond 300 °C.•Nd results in the disappearance of the unstable phases at high temperature.•The morphologies of Nd-containing phases changes with Nd increases.
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