The combined effects of aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ultrasonic treatment on the shelf-life, some nutrients and bioactive compounds of bok choy were investigated. Minimally processed bok choy ...was treated in 50 ppm aqueous ClO2 solution subjected to 80 kHz frequency ultrasound at 0, 120, 150, 180, and 210 W for 10 min. Aqueous ClO2 plus ultrasound treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced total bacterial counts by up to 2.8 log CFU/g and Pseudomonas spp. by up to 2.5 log CFU/g, respectively, on day 0, and inhibited their growth on bok choy throughout the 12 d storage period at 4 °C. Among the treatments studied, aqueous ClO2 plus 180 W-ultrasound treatment demonstrated maximum reduction of microbial loads and minimum impact on visual quality (L*, a*, and b* values), chlorophyll degradation, membrane permeability, ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents. In addition, the combined treatment significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase and polyphenol peroxidase and increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase as compared with controls. These results indicated that aqueous ClO2 plus ultrasonic treatments is an effective approach for maintaining some nutrients and bioactive compounds, as well as extending the shelf-life of fresh bok choy.
•Pseudomonas was identified as the dominant spoilage microorganism in bok choy.•Aqueous ClO2 plus ultrasound showed synergistic effect on bacterial disinfection.•Combined treatments inhibited the activities of PPO and POD, increased PAL activity.•Aqueous ClO2 plus ultrasound extend the shelf-life of fresh bok choy.
Alternative fertilizers can be a solution for hydroponically cultivated bok choy without having to use commercial fertilizers. This study aims to determine which alternative fertilizers that can be ...used to grow bok choy hydroponically, with no differences in growth and yield when Commercial or Standard fertilizer used. This research was conducted at the Kartini Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture and Business, Satya Wacana Christian University, from December 2019 to February 2020. The experimental design used was the Randomized Complete Block (RCB), with a single treatment of 5 level factors (Standard fertilizer, Commercial fertilizer, Mas'ud fertilizer, Hermawan revised fertilizer, and Tama fertilizer). Each level included 5 replicates. Parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, canopy fresh weight, tuber diameter, and leaf area. The data set was analyzed using analysis of variance (F test 5%). Whereas the follow-up test was carried out with the Duncan Multiple Range Test with a 95% confidence interval. The results showed that the Commercial fertilizer treatment yielded a fresh weight of 265.11 grams which was not significantly different from the Mas'ud fertilizer which was 209.52 grams. While Tama fertilizer can be used for alternative fertilizers with a yield of 153.87 grams.
In this review, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on Open Body of Knowledge (BOK) is presented. Moreover, the theoretical base to build a model for knowledge description was created, and it was ...found that there is a lack of guidelines to describe knowledge description because of the dramatically increasing number of requirements to produce an Open BOK, the difficulty of comparing related BOK contents, and the fact that reusing knowledge description is a very laborious task. In this sense, this review can be considered as a first step in building a model that can be used for describing knowledge description in Open BOK. Finally, in order to improve the educational context, a comparison among BOK, structure, and evolution is conducted.
Significance The role of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) ovarian killer (BOK) in apoptosis regulation has been a long-standing enigma. Despite the homology to BAX and BAK, BOK has yet to be linked to a ...definitive physiologic function in the classical apoptotic pathway. Here, we report a selective role for BOK in promoting mitochondrial apoptosis in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) ovarian killer (BOK) is a BCL-2 family protein with high homology to the multidomain proapoptotic proteins BAX and BAK, yet Bok ⁻/⁻ and even Bax ⁻/⁻Bok ⁻/⁻ and Bak ⁻/⁻Bok ⁻/⁻ mice were reported to have no overt phenotype or apoptotic defects in response to a host of classical stress stimuli. These surprising findings were interpreted to reflect functional compensation among the BAX, BAK, and BOK proteins. However, BOK cannot compensate for the severe apoptotic defects of Bax ⁻/⁻Bak ⁻/⁻ mice despite its widespread expression. Here, we independently developed Bok ⁻/⁻ mice and found that Bok ⁻/⁻ cells are selectively defective in their response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress stimuli, consistent with the predominant subcellular localization of BOK at the ER. Whereas Bok ⁻/⁻ mouse embryonic fibroblasts exposed to thapsigargin, A23187, brefeldin A, DTT, geldanamycin, or bortezomib manifested reduced activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, the death response to other stimuli such as etoposide, staurosporine, or UV remained fully intact. Multiple organs in Bok ⁻/⁻ mice exhibited resistance to thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in vivo. Although the ER stress agents activated the unfolded protein response, both ATF4 and CHOP activation were diminished in Bok ⁻/⁻ cells and mice. Importantly, BAX and BAK were unable to compensate for the defective apoptotic response to ER stress observed in SV40-transformed and primary Bok ⁻/⁻ cells, and in vivo. These findings support a selective and distinguishing role for BOK in regulating the apoptotic response to ER stress, revealing—to our knowledge—the first bona fide apoptotic defect linked to Bok deletion.
Several pre-cooling methods for bok choi were used, such as natural convection pre-cooling (NCPC), strong wind pre-cooling (SWPC), vacuum pre-cooling (VPC), cold water pre-cooling (CWPC), ...electrolyzed water pre-cooling (EWPC), and fluid ice pre-cooling (FIPC), in order to determine the most suitable precooling method. It was found that VPC reduced the respiration rate, inhibited the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) and relative electrolyte leakage, and significantly decreased the total bacterial count. This may be due to the rapid decompression process during vacuum pre-cooling, which disrupts the microbial structure and has a certain sterilizing effect. Bok choi pre-cooled by VPC had the best color, hardness value, chlorophyll, titratable acid (TA) content, vitamin C (VC) content, total phenolic (TP) content, soluble sugar content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity. Therefore, the most suitable pre-cooling method for bok choi among the above pre-cooling methods was the VPC method.
•Vacuum pre-cooling is the best pre-cooling method for bok choi.•Vacuum pre-cooling delays the yellowing and wilting process of bok choi.•Vacuum pre-cooling enhances the antioxidation capability of bok choi.
In the present study, we analyzed the effect of using a hydroponic system inside a greenhouse and different photoperiod regimes with artificial light on the nutrient uptake of bok choy. Light ...duration treatment consisting of both sunlight and artificial light was applied to determine the optimal photoperiod for bok choy. Advanced technology—a wireless sensor network and Internet of Things—was used to monitor and maintain nutrient concentrations. Additionally, plant growth was evaluated using image processing technology. A higher amount of P was observed to be accumulated in plants grown in plots without photoperiod. Meanwhile, excessive photoperiod was found to reduce K content in plants. The optimal photoperiod in this study was 20:4 (light:dark), which is a combination of 12 h of sunlight and 8 h of artificial light. Additionally, image processing technology helped monitor plant growth. Pixel information in images can represent plant growth with a R2 value of >0.8. Further, the addition of photoperiod affects the dry weight of yields and growth rate, which is highly correlated to nutrient uptake, with R2 values of 0.84 and 0.72, respectively. The combination of artificial light and sunlight along with the optimal photoperiod can optimize the growth of bok choy with appropriate NPK uptake.
Cyclist Um Bok-dong (1892-19511952?), nicknamed 'Bicycle king of the East', was the biggest Korean sports hero from the 1910s and into the 1920s, a time when Korea was subjected to Japanese colonial ...rule (1910-1945). He beat Japanese rivals and inspired his fellow compatriots, becoming their source of pride at a difficult era. In post-colonial South Korea, however, Um was nearly completely forgotten. There are barely any commemorative initiatives for him and hardly any Korean-language academic works on him. Scholarly works in English on Um are non-existent. By exploring this phenomenon the paper opens up a discussion on sports heroes and their place in heritagisation, and it contributes to the relatively scant scholarship on sports heritage. The discussion revolves around tracing when, why, and how South Korea began paying much more attention to sports heritage, and, in light of the findings, it analyzes Um's forgetfulness in the process. I argue that while South Korea began investing more meaningfully in sports heritage since the early 2000s, Um was forgotten primarily because another athlete, Sohn Kee-chung, occupied the representative spot of the 'sports hero of the colonial period'. In this context, I stress the importance of influential agents for successful heritagisation.
In this study, a soil culture and a hydroponic experiment were conducted to assess the toxicology effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil microbial community structure and the growth ...of bok choy. Results showed CuO NPs had an inhibitory effect on soil microbial abundance, diversity, and activity, as well as the bok choy seedling growth, whereas CuO NPs at low concentrations did not significantly affect the soil microbial biomass or plant growth. In soil, CuO NPs at high dose (80 mg kg−1) significantly reduced the indexes of Simpson diversity, Shannon–Wiener diversity and Pielou evenness by 3.7%, 4.9% and 4.5%, respectively. In addition, CuO NPs at 20 and 80 mg kg−1 treatment significantly reduced soil enzymes (urease, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and catalase) activities by 25.5%–58.9%. Further, CuO NPs at 20 mg L−1 significantly inhibited the growth of plant root by 33.8%, and catalase (CAT) activity by 17.9% in bok choy seedlings. The present study can provide a basis for a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity effect of CuO NPs on soil microorganisms and phytotoxicity to bok choy seedlings.
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•CuO NPs had an inhibitory effect on soil microbial abundance, diversity, and activity.•The reduction of soil enzymes activities was related to the soil microbial diversity.•High rate of CuO NPs significantly inhibited the plant growth.
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