Armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.) is one of the agricultural pests that can cause huge losses especially for Indonesian farmers because it is damaging various crops, especially cabbage (Brassica ...oleifera L.). Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV) is one of the biological agent which is effective for the management of the Spodoptera litura. However, because of UV radiation it easily degraded when applied in the fields. This study was aimed to determine the effectivity of several indigenous plants for UV protectant of SpliMNPV for controlling armyworm at greenhouse scale. Extracts of 2% (w/v) of turmeric rhizome, red betel leaf, moringa leaf, and clove flower, were formulated with SpliMNPV and sprayed evenly onto two-month- old cabbages. The experiment used five replicates with six periods of sunlight exposures (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 15 days). A commercial product of deltamethrin was used as a comparison. The sprayed leaves were then used as a bioassay by using 25 individuals of one day old 1st larval instar by five replicates. The results showed that the turmeric additive was the most effective as a UV protectant and effectively prolonged the half-life of SpliMNPV to 4.12 days, while for clove, moringa leaf, and red betel was 2.48, 2.15, and 2.28 days, respectively.
The present study was conducted to assess the effect of certain biomodulators (BMs) on growth, yield, and storability as well as on bioactive constituents either before or after storage of ...deficit-irrigated broccoli. The tested BMs were yeast extract (YE), moringa leaves extract (MLE), salicylic acid (SA) and humic acid (HA). Deficit irrigation (DI) was achieved by extending the duration between subsequent irrigations from five days (control) to either ten (IR10) or 15 days (IR15). Results indicated that all applied BMs alleviated DI effects on growth and yield. Post-harvest decline in quality was delayed by DI as biomass loss percentage (BLP %) and post-harvest decay percentage (PHD %) were decreased. All applied BMs also preserved inflorescence quality during storage as BL% and PHD% were lower in BMs-treated plants compared with control. Chlorophylls, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total phenols and total soluble carbohydrates in broccoli inflorescence were decreased in IR10 and IR15 plants whereas increased in BMs-treated plants. Anthocyanins content was not significantly affected in response to DI treatments and peroxidase activity was not significantly affected in response to either DI or BMs treatments. It was concluded that treatments with BMs could be a feasible approach to avoid yield losses in water-stressed broccoli and that treatments with BMs of deficit-irrigated plants maintain post-harvest quality of broccoli heads during storage.
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar sistemas productivos de repollo en cuatro cooperativas rurales en Jinotega, con énfasis en aspectos socioeconómicos, agronómicos y fitosanitarios. ...Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal de tipo no experimental, se evaluaron 60 sistemas de producción, la información obtenida fue de fuentes primarias (encuestas y entrevistas), las variables fueron sometidas a un análisis descriptivo. La edad de los productores estuvo en un rango de 20 a 80 años, su principal actividad económica es la agricultura, con niveles de educación inicial, las condiciones de la vivienda están en el rango de regular a buena, el área cultivada oscila entre 0,34 a 5,0 ha, cuentan con capacitación, las principales prácticas de manejo del cultivo fueron: manejo de arvenses, preparación del suelo, uso de trampas, monitoreo de plagas y enfermedades, uso de semillas certificadas, variedades resistentes, manejo de rastrojo y riego. Las principales enfermedades son: Rhizoctonia spp, Xanthomonas spp, Alternaria spp y Mycosphaerella spp y plagas insectiles Plutella xylostella L. Brevicoryne spp y ácaros. Todas controladas mediante el manejo químico sintético.
This dataset aims to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of amorphous silicon dioxide treatments on soilless-grown Kale (Brassica Oleraceae L. var. acephala DC.). Data were obtained from ...fresh and dry samples. Total antioxidants capacity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total carotenoids concentrations, total nitrogen, growth parameters and germination percentage varied in response to the concentrations of the used treatments (amorphous silicon dioxide compounds). Spectrophotometry, coulometric analyzer, capillary zone electrophoreses were the principal involved methods. Data of antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and ascorbic acid contents can provide significant physiological health benefits as a functional superfood. Total carotenoids, Chlorophyll a and b concentrations, total nitrogen content, dry matter content, plants height, fresh weights, and the percentage of seeds germination contribute to the understanding of biometric and physiological plants growth parameters that indicates the effectiveness of the used treatments.
The computerized image analysis of seedlings constitutes an efficient technique to evaluate the quality of seed lots, since it is quick in responding, has a simple execution and reproduction. The ...goal of this research was to verify the efficiency of the computer image analysis of seedlings to detect vigor differences among broccoli seed lots and compare them with other traditionally used vigor tests. Computerized image analysis were performed by the Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS®), using 3-day-old seedlings and the results were compared to germination at first count, seedling emergence, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests. Evaluations were performed in three experimental periods (before storage, 6 and 12 months of storage at 20 °C and 45-50% RH). A completely randomized design with eight replications of 25 seeds was used. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability. It is concluded that it is possible to detect vigor differences among broccoli seed lots by the computerized image analysis of seedlings with SVIS®, similarly to traditional vigor tests.
Resumo: A análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas se apresenta como técnica eficiente na avaliação da qualidade de lotes de sementes de várias espécies, sendo um método de rápida resposta, com metodologia de simples execução e reprodução. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa verificar a possibilidade de utilização da análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas na detecção de possíveis diferenças de vigor entre lotes de sementes de brócolis e comparar com os testes de vigor tradicionalmente utilizados. Foram utilizadas sementes de dois cultivares, Piracicaba Precoce e Ramoso Santana, representados por dez lotes de cada. A pesquisa consistiu da utilização do sistema computadorizado de imagens de plântulas (Seed Vigor Imaging System - SVIS®) para detectar possíveis diferenças de vigor de sementes de brócolis durante o armazenamento, por doze meses, com três avaliações (antes do armazenamento, 6 e 12 meses de armazenamento a 20 ºC e 45-50% UR). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições de 25 sementes. Os dados referentes às avaliações foram submetidos à análise de variância e as comparações de médias realizadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. É possível detectar diferenças de vigor entre lotes de sementes de brócolis pela análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas, com o SVIS®, de forma semelhante aos testes tradicionais de vigor.
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a difficult nutrient to manage in organic farming systems, and yield reductions related to N deficiency have been reported in organic systems. Legume-based cover crops offer ...opportunities for biologically fixed N; however, improved quantification of N contribution is needed for cost-effective N management. A 2-yr experiment was conducted near Corvallis, OR, USA, in 2007 and 2008 to (1) evaluate biomass production and N accumulation from selected cover crop treatments, (2) compare the effects of fall-planted cover crops on broccoli (
Brassica oleraceae
L. (Italica group) yield, (3) estimate the quantity of feather meal-N replaced by cover crops. Cover crop treatments included common vetch (
Vicia sativa
L.), phacelia (
Phacelia tanacetifolia
Benth), oats (
Avena sativa
L.) and the mixtures phacelia plus vetch, oats plus vetch and a no-cover crop (fallow) treatment as the control. Using feather meal as an N source, four rates of N fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha
−1
) were randomized within each cover crop treatment in a randomized, split-plot design. Cover crop biomass and N accumulation differed between the 2 yr of the study. In 2007, total biomass accumulation ranged from 5000 to 10,000 kg ha
−1
, whereas in 2008, cover crop accumulation was 1500 to 5000 kg ha
−1
. Biomass of both phacelia and vetch (in mixtures or as sole crops) was reduced by 80% from 2007 to 2008, whereas oat biomass and weed biomass in the fallow plots was reduced by only 40% between the 2 yr. The accumulation of N was also reduced in 2008, with vetch (either as a sole crop or in mixtures) contributing less than a third of total N produced in 2007. In 2007, vetch and vetch-based cover crop mixtures increased broccoli yield compared with the fallow, providing 100–135 kg fertilizer equivalent N ha
−1
. But due to decreased cover crop biomass and N accumulation in 2008, vetch and vetch-based mixtures failed to increase broccoli yield, providing <20 kg N ha
−1
fertilizer equivalence. In 2007, oats grown as a sole cover crop reduced broccoli yield when no supplemental N was applied. In 2008, both phacelia and oats reduced broccoli yield at all N levels, with estimated N fertilizer equivalence values of −80 to −95 kg N ha
−1
. Although legume and legume mixtures increased broccoli yield in only 1 yr of the experiment, addition of vetch to the mixtures reduced yield loss in both years compared with oats and phacelia grown as sole crops.
Fresh and anaerobically digested red clover were compared as N and S sources in a incubation experiment without plants and a pot experiment with white cabbage, both conducted in climate chambers. The ...hypothesis was that anaerobic digestion would increase S availability in relation to N and that arylsulphatase activity would be higher in treatments with S deficiency. Besides the two red clover-based treatments, two treatments, one unamended and the other Biofer, an organic fertilizer with 7% S containing by-products from the slaughter industry, were included in the experiments. The availability of S in relation to N was higher in biogas slurry than in fresh red clover. In the incubation, an equal percentage (approx. 50%) of N was mineralized from all three fertilizers, while in the pot experiment, N mineralization was highest in the red clover treatment (approximately 70%). The highest S mineralization in both experiments occurred in the Biofer treatment. Growth of white cabbage was higher in the biogas slurry than in the red clover treatment despite high N availability in the latter treatment. Immobilization of S due to more readily available C in the clover treatment could have reinforced the difference and given a less well adjusted relationship between N and S for white cabbage demand than in the biogas slurry treatment. Arylsulphatase activity in the bulk soil was higher in the red clover-based treatments than with Biofer, while the activity in the rhizosphere soil did not differ between treatments. Arylsulphatase activity in the bulk soil was negatively correlated with white cabbage S concentration and positively correlated with N:S ratio in white cabbage shoots, while that in the rhizosphere soil was positively correlated with white cabbage S concentration.
Oscillations in water potential were measured for the first time in the plant stem. The phase of the oscillations in water potential (measured in Brussels sprout) lagged behind that of transpiration ...by less than 5 min. The cycles ranged from 22 to 48 min. The results support the view that oscillations in water potential in the plant stem and interconnecting xylem tissues would synchronize oscillations in transpiration and stomatal opening throughout the plant.
PDF
