This work shows the first archeomagnetic directions from Western Africa measured on 32 iron smelting kilns dated between 650 and 1800 AD. The archeological excavation of the vast metallurgical site ...of Korsimoro established the existence of four distinct iron-smelting techniques. The time-frame of each technique could be clearly determined with radiocarbon dating. Many of the kilns investigated in this study could also be dated individually with residual charcoals found in their inside. The results indicate that the inclination of the field changed gradually from shallow normal to shallow reversed during 800 to 1300 AD, and then went back to shallow normal around 1600–1700 AD. The declination was instead stable around 10°E between 800 and 1400 AD, thereafter it started changing towards North. This trend correlates well with available secular variation curves from the Balkan and from Spain, and indicates that the field variation in West Africa was similar to the one in Europe.
•We measure 32 smelting kilns from west Africa.•We analyze the geomagnetic field variation in west Africa between 650 and 1800 AD.•We compare the variation in west Africa with the one in Spain and in the Balkans.•We find similar trends of the geomagnetic field variation.
La tuberculose amygdalienne correspond à la localisation infectieuse du bacille de Koch au niveau des amygdales palatines. Elle est rare. La tuberculose amygdalienne associée à une miliaire ...tuberculeuse est encore plus exceptionnelle.
Global warming is one of the greatest challenges of this century. It impacts all nations worldwide, particularly Sahelian nations in Africa. This article evaluates climate change's impact on ...aggregate agriculture, crop, livestock, and fishery production in Burkina Faso. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was applied, and data were collected from 1990 to 2019. Considering agriculture at the aggregate level, the findings have shown an insignificant effect of rainfall and temperature but a positive impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the long run. Only rainfall negatively affects agriculture in Burkina Faso in the short run. For crop production, only CO2 is found to have a short-run negative effect. The findings indicated that temperature has a short-term favorable effect on livestock production, whereas CO2 benefits it in the long term. The long-run time series analysis of fishery production has indicated a detrimental impact of rainfall. In the short term, temperature, rainfall, and CO2 have a detrimental impact on fishery production in Burkina Faso. However, CO2 is found to have a short-run negative impact. Promoting and facilitating livestock production and irrigation systems and enhancing climate system information (CSI) could lessen agriculture's sensitivity to global warming. Keywords: Agriculture and sub-sectors, climate change, ARDL, Burkina Faso, west africa.
Tonsillar tuberculosis is the infectious localization of Koch's bacillus in the palatine tonsils. It is rare. Tonsillar tuberculosis associated with miliary tuberculosis is even more exceptional.
The ...aim of our work is to report a rare case of tuberculous tonsillitis associated with miliary tuberculosis.
This was a case of tonsillar tuberculosis associated with miliary tuberculosis. The main complaint was chronic odynophagia, which had been present for 7 months and was associated with weight loss. Questioning also revealed alcohol, tobacco and marijuana consumption.
Oropharyngoscopy revealed an enlarged, ulcerated and hemorrhagic right tonsil, suggesting a malignant lesion. Diagnostic tonsillectomy with anatomopathological examination of the surgical specimen led to the diagnosis of tonsillar tuberculosis. A postoperative chest X-ray revealed tuberculous miliaria. No other tuberculosis site was identified. No other confirmatory biological tests were carried out. The patient was treated with 4 anti-tuberculosis drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) during 2 months and 2 anti-tuberculosis drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid) during 4 months. The evolution was favorable and the patient was declared cured at the end of treatment. There was no recurrence after 5 years.
Tonsillar tuberculosis is rare. Tonsillar tuberculosis associated with pulmonary miliaria is even more exceptional. Tonsil biopsy for anatomopathological examination is sufficient for diagnosis. A chest X-ray should be requested as part of the preoperative workup prior to any tonsillar biopsy or tonsillectomy. GeneXpert (MTB/RIF) should be carried out if possible, not only for its value in the biological confirmation of tuberculosis but also to identify rifampicin resistance. Antibacillary treatment often leads to a favorable outcome.
To assess the factors associated with malnutrition among children <5 years in Burkina Faso.
This study was based on secondary analysis of cross-sectional population-based data from Burkina-Faso ...Demographic Health Surveys 2010.
This study was carried out in Burkina Faso, West Africa.
The participants were 6337 children <5 years and their mothers.
Demographic characteristics, child nutrition and health status, and maternal and household information were collected. Survey-specific SAS procedures for weighting, clustering and stratification in the survey design were used. The distribution of different nutritional status, such as underweight, stunting and wasting and the effects of risk factors on malnutrition was analyzed.
Out of 6337 children <5 years, 51.0% of children were male and 57.8% of children had an average size at birth. There were 15.6, 21.5 and 10.6% of children who recently suffered from diarrhea, fever and acute respiratory infection, respectively. Child sex, age, size at birth, child morbidity, mother's education and body mass index and household wealth index were significantly associated with undernutrition among children <5 years in Burkina Faso.
In addition to the improvement of household wealth index, more health and nutritional education for mothers should be implemented by the government to improve health and nutritional status of children <5 years in Burkina Faso.
•Carapa procera trees revealed good potential of fruit production.•Resources availability of this native oil tree species was liable to human management practices.•The fruit harvesting constituted an ...asset to promote the species conservation among local communities.
The exploitation of non-timber forest products contributes considerably to local livelihoods for subsistence in developing countries. The study aims to assess the structure and fruit production of C. procera natural populations in harvesting and non-harvesting sites and to compare the structure characteristics and fruits yields of the two sites.
The study was carried out in Burkina Faso on both, harvesting and non-harvesting sites. Eighty fruits bearing trees (40 per site) were sampled, from each, all the fruits were counted. Dendrometric parameters were measured in 80 plots of 1000 m². In each plot, diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height of trees were measured. Density, basal area, mean diameter and height were computed for each site. Analyses of variance were performed to test differences between sites based on measured variables. Weibull theoretical model was used on size class distribution to analyze trees structure in both sites.
The results showed that the production of fruits reaches a mean of 6462.73 ± 4237.51 fruits/ha and 9103.44 ± 7631.88 fruits/ha, respectively in non-harvesting and harvesting site. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for tree densities, basal area and tree height between sites with highest values in the harvesting site. The size class distribution of trees showed in both sites the existing of potential regeneration with the dominance of young trees (1 < c < 2) with some survival difficulties during the growth stages. C. procera populations exhibit a high potential of fruit production and natural regeneration but are influenced by pressures impact.
This study aimed to characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes in bacteria from the environment in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
This study was conducted from ...January 18 to December 31, 2019. Environmental samples were collected from the effluents of Souro Sanou University Hospital Center and the wastewater treatment plant at Bobo-Dioulasso. MacConkey agar media supplemented with 4 µg/mL cefotaxime was used for bacterial growth, and identification of bacteria was performed using API 20E system (BioMerieux SA, Lyon, France). Antibiotic susceptibility testing, synergy test, carbapenem inactivation method and molecular characterization were performed.
A total of 180 bacterial isolates were identified from the different sites with a predominance of Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.5%). All 180 bacterial isolates were ESBL producers and 18 (10.0%) of them produced carbapenemases. Out of the 180 bacterial isolates, DNAs of 98.9% (178/180) bacterial isolates were extracted and tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for characterization of resistant genes. The study showed that 89.8% (160/178) carried the bla-CTX-M genes including 54.4 (87/160) from hospital effluents and 45.6 (73/160) from the wastewater treatment plant. Regarding the carriage of carbapenemase genes, 7.9 (14/178) blaNDM-1 was found in all the sites including 71.4% (10/14) from hospital effluents and 28.6 (4/14) from the wastewater treatment plant. blaOXA-48-like was only found in bacteria from hospital effluents and represented 2.2% (4/178).
This study highlights the need to build hospital effluent treatment plants to reduce the load of resistant bacteria before discharging the effluents into the urban wastewater system.
The R21/Matrix-M vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Using trial data, we aimed to estimate the public health ...impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction across sub-Saharan Africa.
We fitted a semi-mechanistic model of the relationship between anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres and vaccine efficacy to data from 3 years of follow-up in the phase 2b trial of R21/Matrix-M in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. We validated the model by comparing predicted vaccine efficacy to that observed over 12–18 months in the phase 3 trial. Integrating this framework within a mathematical transmission model, we estimated the cases, malaria deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted and cost-effectiveness over a 15-year time horizon across a range of transmission settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Cost-effectiveness was estimated incorporating the cost of vaccine introduction (dose, consumables, and delivery) relative to existing interventions at baseline. We report estimates at a median of 20% parasite prevalence in children aged 2–10 years (PfPR2–10) and ranges from 3% to 65% PfPR2–10.
Anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres were found to satisfy the criteria for a surrogate of protection for vaccine efficacy against clinical malaria. Age-based implementation of a four-dose regimen of R21/Matrix-M vaccine was estimated to avert 181 825 (range 38 815–333 491) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in perennial settings and 202 017 (29 868–405 702) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in seasonal settings. Similar estimates were obtained for seasonal or hybrid implementation. Under an assumed vaccine dose price of US$3, the incremental cost per clinical case averted was $7 (range 4–48) in perennial settings and $6 (3–63) in seasonal settings and the incremental cost per DALY averted was $34 (29–139) in perennial settings and $30 (22–172) in seasonal settings, with lower cost-effectiveness ratios in settings with higher PfPR2–10.
Introduction of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine could have a substantial public health benefit across sub-Saharan Africa.
The Wellcome Trust, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Medical Research Council, the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 2 and 3, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and the Serum Institute of India, Open Philanthropy.
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