•C-C relation is found between daily/sub-daily extreme rainfalls and maximum temperature.•Rainfall-temperature scaling relation is strong in short time extreme rainfall.•Rainfall-temperature scaling ...relationship is varied with the analysed time window.•Found scaling changing trend facilitates future extreme rainfall predictions.•Seasonal impact on rainfall-temperature scaling changing trend is highly variate.
Understanding the relationships between extreme daily and sub-daily rainfall events and their governing factors is important in order to analyse the properties of extreme rainfall events in a changing climate. Atmospheric temperature is one of the dominant climate variables which has a strong relationship with extreme rainfall events. In this study, a temperature-rainfall binning technique is used to evaluate the dependency of extreme rainfall on daily maximum temperature. The Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) relation was found to describe the relationship between daily maximum temperature and a range of rainfall durations from 6min up to 24h for seven Australian weather stations, the stations being located in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. The analysis shows that the rainfall – temperature scaling varies with location, temperature and rainfall duration. The Darwin Airport station shows a negative scaling relationship, while the other six stations show a positive relationship. To identify the trend in scaling relationship over time the same analysis is conducted using data covering 10year periods. Results indicate that the dependency of extreme rainfall on temperature also varies with the analysis period. Further, this dependency shows an increasing trend for more extreme short duration rainfall and a decreasing trend for average long duration rainfall events at most stations. Seasonal variations of the scale changing trends were analysed by categorizing the summer and autumn seasons in one group and the winter and spring seasons in another group. Most of 99th percentile of 6min, 1h and 24h rain durations at Perth, Melbourne and Sydney stations show increasing trend for both groups while Adelaide and Darwin show decreasing trend. Furthermore, majority of scaling trend of 50th percentile are decreasing for both groups.
Comparing structural similarities among complex networks is an important task in several scientific and social science applications. Existing techniques for quantifying network similarity range from ...network-centric methods that consider global network topology to node-centric methods that consider local node-level sub-structures.
In this paper, we address the research gap between computationally expensive network-centric approaches and myopic node-centric network comparison methods by introducing a novel approach to quantify network similarity based on hierarchical graph decomposition. The approach adequately captures both global and local topology and is motivated by the observation that networks from diverse domains such as physical, chemical, biological and social systems exhibit an inherent structural hierarchy that emerges from local dyadic and triadic interactions. The proposed algorithm, Network Similarity via graph Decomposition (NSD), extracts network signatures from hierarchical decomposition of networks and uses Canberra distance to quantify the similarity between signatures. We use two well-known graph decomposition methods to expose network hierarchy resulting in two variations of NSD. We find that our approach groups similar networks better than competing algorithms. Experimentation using 40 real-world networks, 15 massive networks, and 30 large synthetic networks establishes that the proposed methodology is effective, scalable, sensitive and applicable to wide variety of networks.
Protein‐DNA interactions play an important role in biological progress, such as DNA replication, repair, and modification processes. In order to have a better understanding of its functions, the one ...of the most important steps is the identification of DNA‐binding proteins. We propose a DNA‐binding protein predictor, namely, RF‐SVM, which contains four types features, that is, pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC), amino acid distribution (AAD), adjacent amino acid composition frequency (ACF) and Local‐DPP. Random Forest algorithm is utilized for selecting top 174 features, which are established the predictor model with the support vector machine (SVM) on training dataset UniSwiss‐Tr. Finally, RF‐SVM method is compared with other existing methods on test dataset UniSwiss‐Tst. The experimental results demonstrated that RF‐SVM has accuracy of 84.25%. Meanwhile, we discover that the physicochemical properties of amino acids for OOBM770101(H), CIDH920104(H), MIYS990104(H), NISK860101(H), VINM940103(H), and SNEP660101(A) have contribution to predict DNA‐binding proteins. The main code and datasets can gain in https://github.com/NiJianWei996/RF-SVM.
Dead trees can occur throughout an urban forest and need to be managed. Standing dead trees that have been made 'safe' through regular inspection and the removal of unstable and decaying material are ...called 'totem trees' by Transport Canberra and City Services in Canberra, Australia. This paper is a pilot case study of totem trees in Canberra, employing an innovative mixed-methods approach, which includes silvicultural assessment, focal sampling, ad libitum sampling, in situ observation of evidence for fauna presence, and public questionnaires. It demonstrates that totem trees have significant habitat value because they provide perching, nesting, vocalisation, habitation and feeding sites for birds and arboreal mammals, as well as habitation and food for reptiles, insects and fungi. Totem trees with greater structural complexity appear to be preferred by fauna. The questionnaire findings, from park users and nearby park residents, indicate a generally positive attitude towards totem trees, with most participants perceiving them as valuable habitat for fauna and appreciating their aesthetic appeal. This highlights an important juxtaposition of management priorities: the need to balance structural complexity with providing safe trees. The findings of this study underscore the need to maintain and enlarge the totem tree population given their significant habitat value and social functions. Freestanding, structurally complex dead trees with numerous hollows, branches and bark should be prioritised for conservation. Additionally, the raising of public awareness is recommended to address any ongoing public uncertainty regarding the safety of totem trees.
Objective: The aim of the study is to present case studies and assess the impact of political, policy, consultative, and research processes used to implement Age Friendly Cities (AFC) initiatives in ...Australia. Method: A review and interpretation was conducted based on public documents, community consultations, survey analyses, and participant observation. Results: Governments in Australia have drawn on World Health Organization (WHO) concepts to establish AFC initiatives. In Melbourne, state political leadership established Positive Ageing plans that have reinforced local government actions. In Canberra, a baseline survey and an Older Persons Assembly were followed by modest positive ageing plans. In Sydney, a State Ageing Strategy developed a whole-of-government plan that has yet to be incorporated into budget processes. Discussion: AFC initiatives in Australia have had promising and varied starts with some aims to benefit disadvantaged older people. Notwithstanding the potential benefits, AFC influence on mainstream actions of government has been limited by uncertain political commitment and growing fiscal austerity.
The Woolshed Creek fossil site near the Royal Military College, Duntroon, Canberra, contains brachiopods Atrypa duntroonensis (early Homerian, early Silurian, ca 430.5 Ma) within a mudstone of the ...Canberra Formation. Their discovery in 1844 by the Reverend William B. Clarke ("the Father of Australian Geology"), and subsequent comparison with other fossil collections from around the world, contributed significantly to the nineteenth century debate about the oldest rocks in Australia. The fossil site is now on the ACT Government Heritage List and recent site improvements make it readily accessible via a pathway from the sports grounds of the Royal Military College.
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•A high soil elemental variability is seen in 7 parks’ topsoil in Singapore.•1-m2 area is elementally less varied w.r.t soil in the same park or other parks.•Soil elemental ...variability increases with sampling distances from 1-m2 site.•Canberra distance measure can be used to evaluate soil elemental variability effectively.
Soil, as a surviving trace after contact and transfer between contacting surfaces at a crime scene, can be recovered and analyzed to infer the presence of persons or tools at the scene and prior activity leading to its deposition. With its vast diversity and heterogeneity, it varies in composition from place to place, providing a basis for trace examiners to distinguish visually similar-colored soils. Unlike countries with native topsoil, Singapore’s urban lands are commonly filled with man-altered and man-transported soil, with relatively little known about the variations of soil’s characteristics within a small, localized area. The current study surveyed the soil’s elemental variability in Singapore parks, which are green spaces for public leisure use. Past installations of recreational facilities and landscaping with fast-growing vegetation in parks inevitably cause disturbance to the original natural soil and mixing with extraneous soil, further contributing to the heterogeneity of the park’s topsoil composition. In our sampling approach, visually similar-colored surface soils were collected from within a 1-m2 site, sites in proximity within a park, and parks across Singapore. The collected soils were dried and sieved into clay- and silt-size fractions for elemental analysis using WDXRF and SEM/EDS. To examine the extent of the spatial elemental variability, we adopted three-sigma interval match criteria and a discriminative model incorporating relative data, square root values and the Canberra distance measure for data processing and pairwise comparison of soil samples. The study also aimed to develop soil databases encompassing soils across Singapore with the intent of understanding the value of soil evidence within a local context.
•The paper focuses on the need for muscle artifact detection for efficient analysis.•An Entropy based M-DDTW technique has been proposed for muscle artifact (MA) detection.•An accuracy of 95 % and a ...Performance Index of 90 % has been achieved in identifying MAs.•Reduces the computational time amd improves performance of EMD and EEMD based artifact extraction techniques.
The exclusion of artifacts plays an indispensable role in the processing of Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. This work highlights one such inescapable artifactual event known as muscle artifacts (MA) and its detection methodology. These are high-frequency signals that are recurrently present in EEG and generally recorded via Electromyogram. The paper presents an entropy based Manhattan derivative dynamic time warping (M-DDTW) technique for MA epoch detection. Manhattan (City block) and Canberra distance have been proposed as the distance to be optimized by using them with dynamic time warping (DTW) and derivative dynamic time warping (DDTW) technique. The study reduces the computational time and improves the performance by utilizing entropy for reference generation and identifies the optimal threshold value for each technique. The results for the optimal threshold have been validated on the real EEG dataset. It was observed that the proposed entropy based M-DDTW technique exhibits the highest performance of 90 % and an accuracy of 95 % at an optimal threshold surpassing state of the art techniques. The testing of qualitative performance and time consumption has been done using traditional mode decomposition methods. The proposed Entropy based M-DDTW technique along with EEMD showed a noteworthy performance compared to other techniques. Overall the combination of entropy with time warping based local distance variation appears to be an adequate solution for muscle artifact detection.
In this essay, I employ a crisis-opportunity perspective to approach the practice of smart work and the making of collaborative space in responding and adapting to COVID-19. These trends have been ...emerging at a faster pace in the recent decade, facilitated by a growing knowledge economy and information technological advancement. COVID-19 provides an extreme setting to test and trigger changes, and are likely to translate these emerging trends into a new normal in the way we work and the way we use space. This new normal, once established in the post-CVOID-19 world, will necessitate a new thinking about workplace management and space design to disrupt many norms rooted in an industrial age.
Genetic components play important roles in the susceptibility to major depressive disorder (MDD). The rapid development of sequencing technologies is allowing scientists to contribute new ideas for ...personalized medicine; thus, it is essential to design non-invasive genetic tests on sequencing data, which can help physicians diagnose and differentiate depressed patients and healthy individuals.
We have recently proposed a genetic concept involving single-nucleotide variant proportion (SNVP) in genes to study MDD. Using this approach, we investigated combinations of distance metrics and hierarchical clustering criteria for genetic clustering of depressed patients and ethnically matched controls.
We analysed clustering results of 25 human subjects based on their SNVPs in 46 newly discovered candidate genes.
According to our findings, we recommend Canberra metric with Ward's method to be used in hierarchical clustering of depressed and normal individuals. Futures studies are needed to advance this line of research validating our approach in larger datasets, those may also be allow the investigation of MDD subtypes.
High quality sequencing costs limited our ability to obtain larger datasets.
•Sequencing allows us to detect all single-nucleotide variants within an individual.•It is desirable to develop non-invasive genetic tests by using sequencing data.•Multivariate cluster analysis can differentiate depressed cases and controls.•We investigated combinations of distance metrics and clustering criteria.•Canberra metric and Ward's method are recommended for genetic clustering.
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