ŽITNICA STAROGA GRADA VARAŽDINA Ćurić, Anka; Škarpa Dubreta, Daria
Radovi Zavoda za znanstveni rad Varaždin,
2019, Letnik:
30, Številka:
30
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The paper presents the findings of conservation-restoration explorations of the building located in the south-western corner of the former county prefect’s castrum plateau, recognized as the granary ...of the counts of Celje in the eastern part, and the Varaždin general headquarters’ armoury in the western. During the explorations, the published references, as well as the available archival materials have been processed and analysed. During field work, methods of visual analysis and probing of the construction material, the plastered and paint layers have been used. Apart from conservation-restoration works, geophysical explorations were also undertaken, as well as the test archaeological probing on certain locations. The present building is located within the perimeter of the estate that had belonged, since its very foundation, to the fortified royal county prefect’s castrum. That is why it seems impossible that such an estate could hold within the property of a citizen, which is one of the arguments of older historiography for attributing the lower part of the building to the granary of the Counts of Celje. The other argument concerns the stone wall frames with gothic profiling, for which the exploration findings from the building’s interior have unequivocally shown that they were added at a later time.
The aim of this research was to determine how fast the level of heavy metal concentrations in the air decreases in relation to increasing distance from the source of pollution and what the influence ...area is of the zinc smelting plant which existed for 100 years in Celje. In that period it produced approximately 580,000 tons of raw Zn from sphalerite ore by the pyrometallurgical process. The production left behind a heavily contaminated area, where the concentrations of Pb and Zn in the soil can be expressed as a percentage. A model has been made on the basis of the data of concentrations of Zn and Cd in the soil and attic dust regarding the distance and direction from the source of the pollution. Because Celje lies in a basin we chose a linear model, which describes the decreasing of the concentrations of Zn and Cd only in one direction. Sampling has been conducted on the four river valleys which stretch from the source of the pollution in all four directions: north, west, south and east, up to 13 km from the source. The power function with a negative exponent was used. With the solution to the calculated functions according to the distance, we can estimate the theoretical distance when the concentrations drop to the natural background level. The range of influence of the zinc smelting plant has been estimated to be between 14 and 52 km for the presence of anthropogenic Zn in attic dust and between 9 and 14 km for the presence of anthropogenic Zn in the soil, depending on the direction from the plant. Correlations between the measured values and the ones from the model are high: from 0.75 up to 0.98.
Prispevek obravnava grafte kot vizualni element mestnega prostora. Namen raziskave je bil preučiti lokacije z grafti v Celju, cilj pa ugotoviti vpliv graftov na celjski mestni pros-tor. Obravnavane ...so lokacije, na katerih se nahajajo opazni, barviti in stilsko različni grafti. Gre za poseben tip graftov – subkulturne grafte oziroma writinge, ki v Celju prevladujejo. Avtorica se v raziskavi o graftih v Celju opira na informacije, pridobljene od ustvarjalcev graftov in prebivalcev mesta pri tem izpostavi opaženost graftov s strani prebivalcev.
So, imagine me in a stuffy little room, a bit like a kitchenette. The kitchen is chockful of old ugly furniture, with the smell of fried eggs, onions, and that invariably rancid cooking oil still ...lingering in the air, to boot, as if I were somewhere, God knows where, back there, in nowhere land, some forsaken hellhole, in Serbia, let's say in Belgrade, let's say on upper Cvijićeva Street, by the overpass, or by the underpass - as you please, as you like it - actually pretty near Roosevelt Street, that would be the second Roosevelt, Franklin D, and not that first Roosevelt, Theodore; basically, near ex-Cemetery Street, right at number 115, and on the fourth floor, no lift, of course. When you finally reach that illustrious fourth, and last, floor, your soul shoots right through your nose, and floats upwards, completely upwards, straight into the cosmos, settling among the stars and the idle angels. And while the chubby little honey-cheeked angels are playing cards, betting on beans and worn-out buttons, your soul disintegrates into a billion invisible particles, but the absorbed winged youths do not care about any of it.
This article presents the impact of the ecological investment in ironworks (dust filter installation) and construction works at a highly contaminated brownfield site on the chemical composition of ...household dust (HD) and street sediment (SS) in Celje, Slovenia. The evaluation is based on two sampling campaigns: the first was undertaken 1 month before the ecological investment became operational and the second 3 years later. The results show that dust filter installations reduced the content of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, W and Zn on average by 58% in HD and by 51% in SS. No reduction was observed at sampling points in the upwind direction from the ironworks. By contrast, the impact of the construction works on the highly contaminated brownfield site was detected by a significant increase (on average by 37%) of elements connected to the brownfield contamination in SS. Such increase was not detected in HD.
Determination of the origin of heavy metals in the household dust and street sediment in a previously heavily contaminated area was carried out. The main question addressed was the origin of heavy ...metals in dry and wet air deposits measured in the environmental monitoring programme of the community of Celje. There are two possible sources: present atmospheric emissions by industries in Celje and dusting of previously heavily contaminated soil. Determination of the present emissions was done on the basis of a method based on enrichment factor calculations. Samples of soil, street sediment and household dust in the contaminated area and in a non-contaminated sampling point were analysed. Expected heavy metal concentrations in household dust and street sediment in the previously heavily polluted area according to the level of measured soil contamination were calculated. Expected and measured values were compared to detect possible present atmospheric emissions. The data show higher enrichment with elements related to ironworking activities (Fe, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni) in household dust and street sediment, according to the concentrations in the soil in the vicinity of ironworks in comparison to the reference point. Similar observations can be made at the sampling point, east of a factory producing TiO
2
-based white pigment for Ti, because emissions from it are expected. In contrast, the same trend is not observed for elements related to pollution problems in Celje (Cd, Zn, Pb). This indicated that street sediment and household dust might be a good tracer of present atmospheric emissions, despite the fact that the environment was previously highly contaminated. The method yields good results, which fit very well with expectations.
The research shows that in the Celje area (Slovenia), the historical anthropogenical emissions are 1,712 tons of Zn and 9.1 tons of Cd. For Zn, this value represents approximately 0.3% of the total ...Zn production in that area. Close to the former zinc smelting plant, the “Zn precipitation” has been estimated to be up to 0.036 mm. The 100-year Zn production left behind a heavily contaminated area with maximum concentrations of Zn of up to 5.6% in attic dust and 0.85% in the soil, and 456 mg/kg of Cd in attic dust and 59.1 mg/kg in the soil. The calculation of historical emissions is based on the data of heavy metals concentration in the attic dust at 98 sampling points and on the data from 19 measurement sites of the weight of total monthly air deposit. The main idea behind determining past emissions is that when the weight of the deposited dust on a small area is multiplied by the concentration of the element in that area, the mass of the polluter which has been transported to the place of interest by air can be calculated. If we sum up all the weight over the whole geochemical anomaly, we get the quantity of historical emissions.
Two approaches, factor analysis (FA) and self-organising maps (SOM), have been used for the determination of geochemical associations in the two case studies evaluated here. In both case studies, ...different associations of elements, derived from different anthropogenic sources (smelters, ironworks, and chemical industry), are presented, together with natural associations of elements, all representing different geological environments. FA and SOM give similar results, despite some differences. Most similarities were achieved with the group of elements affected by strong pollution caused by smelting activities. The biggest difference between the two is that SOM can combine different groups into one, especially in the case of associations of elements connected with mild pollution (ironworking, chemical industry). The biggest advantage of SOM as opposed to FA is that SOM allow us to process variables, which are not normally distributed, or even of attributive nature. The use of such variables in SOM classification to prove the origins of associations of elements is also demonstrated here.
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