A gripping tale of exploration aboard H.M.S. Challenger, an expedition that laid the foundations for modern oceanography From late 1872 to 1876, H.M.S. Challenger explored the world's oceans. ...Conducting deep sea soundings, dredging the ocean floor, recording temperatures, observing weather, and collecting biological samples, the expedition laid the foundations for modern oceanography. Following the ship's naturalists and their discoveries, earth scientist Doug Macdougall engagingly tells a story of Victorian-era adventure and ties these early explorations to the growth of modern scientific fields. In this lively story of discovery, hardship, and humor, Macdougall examines the work of the expedition's scientists, especially the naturalist Henry Moseley, who rigorously categorized the flora and fauna of the islands the ship visited, and the legacy of John Murray, considered the father of modern oceanography. Macdougall explores not just the expedition itself but also the iconic place that H.M.S. Challenger has achieved in the annals of ocean exploration and science.
Just after 9:00 a.m. on February 1, 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke apart and was lost over Texas. This tragic event led, as the Challenger accident had 17 years earlier, to an intensive ...government investigation of the technological and organizational causes of the accident. The investigation found chilling similarities between the two accidents, leading the Columbia Accident Investigation Board to conclude that NASA failed to learn from its earlier tragedy. Despite the frequency with which organizations are encouraged to adopt learning practices, organizational learningùespecially in public organizationsùis not well understood and deserves to be studied in more detail. This book fills that gap with a thorough examination of NASAÆs loss of the two shuttles. After offering an account of the processes that constitute organizational learning, Julianne G. Mahler focuses on what NASA did to address problems revealed by Challenger and its uneven efforts to institutionalize its own findings. She also suggests factors overlooked by both accident commissions and proposes broadly applicable hypotheses about learning in public organizations.
The eurozone crisis has altered the party political landscape across Europe. The most visible effect is the rise of challenger parties. The crisis not only caused economic hardship, but also placed ...considerable fiscal constraints upon a number of national governments. Many voters have reacted to this by turning their back on the traditional parties and opting instead for new, or reinvigorated, challenger parties that reject the mainstream consensus of austerity and European integration. This article argues that both sanctioning and selection mechanisms can help to explain this flight from the centre to challenger parties. First, voters who were economically adversely affected by the crisis punish mainstream parties both in government and in opposition by voting for challenger parties. Second, the choice of specific challenger party is shaped by preferences on three issues that directly flow from the euro crisis: EU integration, austerity and immigration. Analysing both aggregate-level and individual-level survey data from all 17 Western EU member states, this article finds strong support for both propositions and shows how the crisis has reshaped the nature of party competition in Europe.
Challenger marketing Lim, Weng Marc
Industrial marketing management,
January 2020, 2020-01-00, Letnik:
84
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Challenger marketing is a new concept in business-to-business marketing. It emerged from practice, and thus, it is unsurprising that the concept is highly popular among organizations and salespeople ...in the industry. Nonetheless, it remains relatively unknown in the academic and scientific communities. The present article aims to address this knowledge gap by offering greater clarity on the concept of challenger marketing. To achieve this, the article adopts an interrogative approach to develop a series of questions whose answers will provide a richer understanding of challenger marketing. In doing so, this article hopes to become a seminal reference for academia and industry to understand challenger marketing, when it was developed, who engages in it and why, how challenger marketing challenges the orthodoxy, and where future research can fertilize challenger marketing.
•Challenger marketing emerged from the industry in response to disruptive changes.•Today's information-powered customers are delaying their contact with salespeople.•Salespeople can weather disruptive changes by challenging the way customers think.•Challenging customers' thinking involves unteaching, teaching, tailoring, and taking control.•Future research is necessary to enrich the breadth and depth of challenger marketing insights.
Abstract
Despite the explosion of populism research, there is a shortage of comprehensive analyses of the ideational varieties of populist parties and of the different roles they play in contemporary ...party systems. In order to overcome such limitations, I provide a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the classification of populist parties and make three innovative contributions to populism research. First, by adopting a truly pan-European perspective to cover, in addition to EU member countries, contexts that are generally overlooked, including but not limited to Liechtenstein, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine, this review article provides an empirical application of the ideational approach to populism to 66 contemporary parties. Second, it highlights the major shortcomings of common approaches to the study of populist parties in contemporary party systems, which almost invariably treat them as ‘challengers’ or ‘outsiders’. Finally, it pushes the agenda further by providing a classification and empirical overview of the three interactive patterns characterizing the 66 populist parties under analysis: non-integration, negative integration and positive integration.
The properties of sinking particles in the ocean can reflect geochemical cycles of marine organisms and are related to oceanic mineralization. In this paper, sinking particles were collected with ...time-series sediment traps at three depths (2000 m, 4000 m and 6000 m) in the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. The mineral compositions and geochemical characteristics of the sinking particles were analyzed in order to determine their provenance and the redox depositional environment of the surrounding seawater. The results reveal a total of 7 categories and 24 kinds of minerals (compounds) in the sinking particles, which are sourced mainly from volcanic materials eroded from surrounding ridges and oceanic basins, among which the West Mariana Ridge and Kyushu-Palau Ridge contribute the most. Terrestrial eolian dust and oceanic authigenic minerals contribute little. The particle flux is higher at 6000 m than at 2000 m and 4000 m, and the supply rates are higher in spring. Analytical results for DO data, redox-sensitive elements (Th/U and V/Sc) and rare earth elements show that there is an oxidative sedimentary environment and that the oxidation degree of seawater increases with the depth, which is affected by the oxidized bottom water. No systematic variation in depositional environment was observed in spring and in summer.
•The properties of sinking particles in the water column above the Challenger Deep were elucidated.•24 minerals were identified, mainly from volcanic sources of the surrounding ridges and sea basins.•Particle supply is more abundant in spring than in summer due to surface productivity.•Seawater oxidation is higher at 6000m owing to the presence of oxygenated Antarctic bottom water.•A topographic “funneling” effect increases the quantity of fine mineral particles at 6000 m depth.
Hadal biosphere Nunoura, Takuro; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Hirai, Miho ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
03/2015, Letnik:
112, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Hadal oceans at water depths below 6,000 m are the least-explored aquatic biosphere. The Challenger Deep, located in the western equatorial Pacific, with a water depth of ∼11 km, is the deepest ocean ...on Earth. Microbial communities associated with waters from the sea surface to the trench bottom (0 ∼10,257 m) in the Challenger Deep were analyzed, and unprecedented trench microbial communities were identified in the hadal waters (6,000 ∼10,257 m) that were distinct from the abyssal microbial communities. The potentially chemolithotrophic populations were less abundant in the hadal water than those in the upper abyssal waters. The emerging members of chemolithotrophic nitrifiers in the hadal water that likely adapt to the higher flux of electron donors were also different from those in the abyssal waters that adapt to the lower flux of electron donors. Species-level niche separation in most of the dominant taxa was also found between the hadal and abyssal microbial communities. Considering the geomorphology and the isolated hydrotopographical nature of the Mariana Trench, we hypothesized that the distinct hadal microbial ecosystem was driven by the endogenous recycling of organic matter in the hadal waters associated with the trench geomorphology.
The hadal Mariana Trench remains poorly understood. In December 2016, an array of high-resolution temperature loggers, attached to the ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs), was deployed from 1665 to 7520 ...m for two weeks across the Challenger Deep of the Southern Mariana Trench. The temperature variance spectrum reveals that the bottom water is mildly turbulent and it is mainly modulated by the semidiurnal internal tides. At the second deepest observation station (depth of 7015 m), the viscous subrange is resolved in the high-frequency spectrum. Applying the proposed method with Taylor’s frozen field hypothesis and Kraichnan theoretical spectrum analysis, it is revealed that turbulent dissipation rate ɛ is 7.8×10−10m2/s3 and flow speed U is 8.9 mm/s. Dissipation rates ɛ of all stations vary between 5.9×10−11 and 1.4×10−9m2/s3, with the northern region of Challenger Deep experiencing stronger energy dissipation than the southern one. The vertical distribution of dissipation rate ɛ shows that it decreases with increasing depth from 1000 to 6000 m, but then increases to around 8000 m, which is consistent with previous observations and numerical simulations. The available turbulent mixing data indicates that the energy dissipation is vertically distributed in a distinct multilayer structure in the deep ocean of Challenger Deep, which is proposed to link to the intrusion of water mass in the deep Mariana trench.
•The precise bottom temperature variance across the Challenger Deep was measured.•The bottom water is mildly turbulent with the theoretical spectra analysis.•The deep mixing is behaved in a multilayer structure, likely driven by intrusion.
The other right stuff Witze, Alexandra
Nature (London),
02/2023, Letnik:
614, Številka:
7948
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In 1990, for instance, Sullivan helped to launch the Hubble Space Telescope, an observatory too large to get into orbit on any other vehicle. In January 1986, four members of the group - McNair, ...Onizuka, Resnik and Richard Scobee - were on board with three other astronauts when the space shuttle Challenger's O-rings failed just after lift-off, causing an explosion that killed them all. NASA retired the shuttle fleet in 2011, after astronauts finished construction on the International Space Station - an abrupt ending to the programme and to the story of the 1978 astronaut class.
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