Reductionism or Emergentism? Ahmad Ebadi; Mohammad Mahdi Amousoltani
Pizhūhishʹhā-yi falsafī (Tabrīz.),
08/2023, Letnik:
17, Številka:
43
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct influence on ...the way of worldview and ontology. Since the early twentieth century, the scientific flow of reduction affects logic and philosophy, psychology and sociology, and even theology and religion. On the other hand, the new emergent flow of emergentism in opposition to reductionism flourished in the late twentieth century. The philosophical and analytical validation of these two seemingly contradictory views promotes the levels of scientific methods and approaches, as well as philosophical views, especially philosophies such as the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of psychology, and the philosophy of sociology. Reductionism is trying to coordinate with unity, realize the unity of sciences, eliminate the waste of scientific theories, and provide the possibility of a stronger justification. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures which causes the classification of science. Each level and class have its lows, rules, and concepts per se. Reductionism is unable to explain the plurality of facts and levels of existence; But emergentism with its theoretical framework explains both the continuum, unity and multiplicity of reality means the hierarchical plurality of reality. the reduction merely is an essential step in understanding and discovering down-up causality that is used as one of the theoretical concepts of emergentism and somewhat explains the cause of the relationship between the layers of existence. But reduction strategy is not successful in recognizing and explaining the existence of layers and classes of science. Reductions with a priority look at reality are subject to selfish judgment and preference, but in emergentism, reality and ontology determine and identify the methodology and epistemology.
Twin extreme learning machine (TELM) is a classical and high-efficiency classifier. However, it neglects the statistical knowledge hidden inside the data. In this paper, in order to make full use of ...statistical information from sample data, we first come up with a Fisher-regularized twin extreme learning machine (FTELM) by applying Fisher regularization into TELM learning framework. This strategy not only inherits the advantages of TELM, but also minimizes the within-class divergence of samples. Further, in an effort to further boost the anti-noise ability of FTELM method, we propose a new capped Lsub.1 -norm FTELM (CLsub.1 -FTELM) by introducing capped Lsub.1 -norm in FTELM to dwindle the influence of abnormal points, and CLsub.1 -FTELM improves the robust performance of our FTELM. Then, for the proposed FTELM method, we utilize an efficient successive overrelaxation algorithm to solve the corresponding optimization problem. For the proposed CLsub.1 -FTELM, an iterative method is designed to solve the corresponding optimization based on re-weighted technique. Meanwhile, the convergence and local optimality of CLsub.1 -FTELM are proved theoretically. Finally, numerical experiments on manual and UCI datasets show that the proposed methods achieve better classification effects than the state-of-the-art methods in most cases, which demonstrates the effectiveness and stability of the proposed methods.
Our knowledge of the structure and composition of genomes is rapidly progressing in pace with their sequencing. The emerging data show that a significant portion of eukaryotic genomes is composed of ...transposable elements (TEs). Given the abundance and diversity of TEs and the speed at which large quantities of sequence data are emerging, identification and annotation of TEs presents a significant challenge. Here we propose the first unified hierarchical classification system, designed on the basis of the transposition mechanism, sequence similarities and structural relationships, that can be easily applied by non-experts. The system and nomenclature is kept up to date at the WikiPoson web site.
Abstract
Background
Efforts to generate evidence for implementation strategies are frustrated by insufficient description. The Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) compilation names ...and defines implementation strategies; however, further work is needed to describe the actions involved. One potentially complementary taxonomy is the behaviour change techniques (BCT) taxonomy. We aimed to examine the extent and nature of the overlap between these taxonomies.
Methods
Definitions and descriptions of 73 strategies in the ERIC compilation were analysed. First, each description was deductively coded using the BCT taxonomy. Second, a typology was developed to categorise the extent of overlap between ERIC strategies and BCTs. Third, three implementation scientists independently rated their level of agreement with the categorisation and BCT coding. Finally, discrepancies were settled through online consensus discussions. Additional patterns of complementarity between ERIC strategies and BCTs were labelled thematically. Descriptive statistics summarise the frequency of coded BCTs and the number of strategies mapped to each of the categories of the typology.
Results
Across the 73 strategies, 41/93 BCTs (44%) were coded, with ‘restructuring the social environment’ as the most frequently coded (
n
=18 strategies, 25%). There was direct overlap between one strategy (
change physical structure and equipment
) and one BCT (‘restructuring physical environment’). Most strategy descriptions (
n
=64) had BCTs that were clearly indicated (
n
=18), and others where BCTs were probable but not explicitly described (
n
=31) or indicated multiple types of overlap (
n
=15). For some strategies, the presence of additional BCTs was dependent on the form of delivery. Some strategies served as examples of broad BCTs operationalised for implementation. For eight strategies, there were no BCTs indicated, or they did not appear to focus on changing behaviour. These strategies reflected preparatory stages and targeted collective cognition at the system level rather than behaviour change at the service delivery level.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates how the ERIC compilation and BCT taxonomy can be integrated to specify active ingredients, providing an opportunity to better understand mechanisms of action. Our results highlight complementarity rather than redundancy. More efforts to integrate these or other taxonomies will aid strategy developers and build links between existing silos in implementation science.
The Machine Recognition of Crystallization Outcomes (MARCO) initiative has assembled roughly half a million annotated images of macromolecular crystallization experiments from various sources and ...setups. Here, state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms are trained and tested on different parts of this data set. We find that more than 94% of the test images can be correctly labeled, irrespective of their experimental origin. Because crystal recognition is key to high-density screening and the systematic analysis of crystallization experiments, this approach opens the door to both industrial and fundamental research applications.
In this book, Gregory Feist reviews and consolidates the scattered literatures on the psychology of science, then calls for the establishment of the field as a unique discipline. He offers the most ...comprehensive perspective yet on how science came to be possible in our species and on the important role of psychological forces in an individual's development of scientific interest, talent, and creativity. Without a psychological perspective, Feist argues, we cannot fully understand the development of scientific thinking or scientific genius.The author explores the major subdisciplines within psychology as well as allied areas, including biological neuroscience and developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychology, to show how each sheds light on how scientific thinking, interest, and talent arise. He assesses which elements of scientific thinking have their origin in evolved mental mechanisms and considers how humans may have developed the highly sophisticated scientific fields we know today. In his fascinating and authoritative book, Feist deals thoughtfully with the mysteries of the human mind and convincingly argues that the creation of the psychology of science as a distinct discipline is essential to deeper understanding of human thought processes.
La divisione tra sapere scientifico e sapere umanistico, pur se oggi scientificamente superata, permane spesso nei fatti e nei profili formativi di molte istituzioni accademiche anche prestigiose ...condizionando fortemente l’evoluzione degli ambiti disciplinari a vario titolo coinvolti. Ad acuire questa dicotomia contribuì in maniera significativa la Rede lecture dal titolo The two cultures and the scientific revolution che Charles Percy Snow tenne a Cambridge nel 1959. La lecture suscitò, com’era prevedibile, reazioni contrastanti: parte della comunità scientifica accolse con favore le sue teorie e apprezzò la decisa esposizione di un problema di chiara rilevanza nel mondo moderno, mentre altri diventarono forti oppositori delle sue idee. Si sviluppò in tal senso il concetto di terza cultura e, nel dibattito che ne derivò e che risulta ancora estremamente attuale, le discipline documentarie hanno assunto un ruolo significativo nel tentativo di trovare un terreno comune tra la cultura scientifica e quella umanistica. Tale ruolo è ravvisabile già negli anni in cui la documentazione venne fondata e teorizzata dal bibliografo belga Paul Otlet e si concretizza tanto nell’applicazione delle tecniche che le sono proprie – prima fra tutte la classificazione – alle altre scienze, quanto nella definizione e nella riflessione sul concetto stesso di ‘scienza’ condotte nell’ambito del riconoscimento di status scientifico alla stessa documentazione e alla bibliologia.
Bu makalede Fârâbî metafiziğinin genel yapısı içerisinde kelâm ilminin konumu incelenmektedir. Makale iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci kısımda Fârâbî’nin yetkinleşme düşüncesi çerçevesinde ...metafiziğin pozisyonu üzerinde durulmaktadır. İkinci kısımda ise Fârâbî’nin el-İbâne ʿan ġarażi Arisṭoṭâlîs fî kitâbi mâ baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa eserinin yakın bir okuması yapılmakta ve Fârâbî’nin mille teorisi dahilinde kelâm ilminin nazarîliği ile ilgili yaklaşımı analiz edilmektedir. Makalede yetkinleşme ve anlam teorilerinin Fârâbî’nin felsefesindeki genel konumu irdelenmeksizin bu iki teorinin Fârâbî’nin metafizik ve kelâm ile ilgili analizlerindeki etkileri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Makalede Fârâbî metafiziğinin onun yetkinleşme ve anlam teorileri arka planında değerlendirilmesi gerektiği düşüncesi, konuyla ilgili ikincil literatür dikkate alınarak irdelenmektedir. Bu iddiaya delil olarak Fârâbî’nin felsefî ilimleri aklî yetkinleşmenin basamakları olarak tarif etmesi ele alınmaktadır. Özellikle Taḥṣîlü’s-saʿâde, Risâle fi’l-‘aḳl ve Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf eserlerindeki ilgili pasajların yakın bir okuması yapılarak Fârâbî’nin yetkinleşme ve anlam teorilerinin metafizik ile ilgili analizlerinin arka planını nasıl oluşturduğu filozofun argümanları üzerinden açıklanmaktadır.
Diğer taraftan makalede el-İbâne eserinin Fârâbî’nin metafizik kurgusu içerisinde nasıl değerlendirilmesi gerektiği yetkinleşme ve anlam teorilerinin bu eserdeki uzanımları aktarılmaktadır. Bu eser ile ilgili olarak ikincil literatürde farklı yorumlar yapılmıştır. Makalede bu yorumlar bağlamında Fârâbî’nin yetkinleşme ve anlam teorileri çerçevesinde eserin metafizik ilminin mahiyeti ile ilgili kısımları analiz edilmektedir. Zira Fârâbî açısından aklî yetkinleşmenin son basamağını oluşturan metafizik aynı zamanda en yüksek ilimdir. Bu durum Fârâbî’nin “nazar-ı ilâhî” kavramıyla birçok kez ifade edilmektedir. Kelâm bu çerçevede aklî yetkinleşme içerisinde ortaya çıkmayan bir ilim olması nedeniyle metafizik olma vasfı kazanamaz. Yetkinleşme teorisinin Fârâbî’nin metafizik ve kelâm ile ilgili düşüncelerine etkisi konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda ifade edilmektedir. Bu makalede ise yetkinleşme ve anlam teorileri metafiziğin ve kelâm ilminin konumu ile ilgili olarak el-İbâne eserindeki pasajlar üzerinden tahlil edilmektedir. Fârâbî’nin bu eserindeki ilâhî ilim ve metafizik arasındaki ayrımı araştırmacılar arasında tartışma konusu olmuştur. Makale metafiziğin yetkinleşme ve anlam teorilerinin Fârâbî'nin küllî ilim yaklaşımını etkilediği üzerinde durmaktadır. Makalenin son bölümünde Fârâbî'nin mille teorisi anlam teorisi zemininde ele alınmaktadır. Bu amaçla makalede, Fârâbî’nin felsefenin bir kopyası ya da benzeri olarak mille düşüncesinin, kelâm ilmini sözel anlam alanı ile felsefî anlam alanı arasında hareket eden bir ara ilim haline getirdiği ileri sürülmektedir.
This article is about the place of kalām (theology) within the general structure of al-Fārābī's metaphysics. In this framework, the article consists of two parts. The first part examines the position of metaphysics within the framework of al-Fārābī's idea of perfection. In the second part, a close reading of al-Fārābī's al-Ibāna ʿan ġarażi Arisṭuṭālīs fī kitābi mā baʿda al-ṭabīʿa is made and al-Fārābī's approach to the theoretical aspect of theology within the theory of milla is analyzed. Since al-Fārābī's theories of perfection and meaning are the theories that affect a major part of his philosophy, the article shows the effects of these two theories on al-Fārābī's analysis of metaphysics without examining their general position in al-Fārābī's philosophy. In this framework, the article examines the idea that al-Fārābī's metaphysics should be evaluated in view of the background of his theories of perfection and meaning, based on the secondary literature on the subject. As evidence for this claim, al-Fārābī's description of the philosophical sciences as the steps of intellectual perfection is shown in the article. The article emphasizes that al-Fārābī's evaluations of the relationship between kalām and metaphysics are based on the theory of perfection. A close reading of the relevant passages in Taḥṣīl al-saʿāda, Treatise on Intellect (Risāla fi-l ‘aql), and Kitāb al-Ḥurūf shows how al-Fārābī's theories of perfection and meaning form the background of his analysis of metaphysics through the philosopher's arguments.
On the other hand, the article shows how al-Ibāna might be understood within al-Fārābī's metaphysical construct by showing the extensions of the theories of perfection and meaning in this work. For al-Fārābī, metaphysics, which constitutes the last step of intellectual perfection, is also the highest science. This process is indicated by the concept “al-naẓar al-ilāhī” (divine thinking/thought). In this framework, kalām cannot gain the title of metaphysics because it is a science that does not emerge in the course of intellectual perfection. In this article, this approach is justified by considering the relevant passages in al-Ibāna. Al-Fārābī's distinction between the science of divine oneness (tawḥīd) and metaphysics in this work has been a subject of debate among scholars. Regarding what al-Fārābī meant by the definition of universal knowledge, the article emphasizes that the relationship of metaphysics with the theories of perfection and meaning influenced al-Fārābī's approach to universal knowledge. In the last part of the article, al-Fārābī’s theory of milla is considered in the context of the theory of meaning. For this aim, the article suggests that al-Fārābī’s idea of milla as a copy or similitude of philosophy makes the science of kalām an intermediate science that acts between the verbal and the philosophical areas of meaning.
Şehrezûrî’de İlimler Tasnifi EVMEŞ, Adem
Trabzon ilahiyat dergisi (Online),
06/2023, Letnik:
10, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
İşrâkî felsefe geleneğinin önemli temsilcilerinden olan Şemsüddîn Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî (ö. 687/1288’den sonra), Erbil ve Hemedan arasında yer alan Şehrezûr’da dünyaya gelmiştir. Hayatı ...hakkında sınırlı bilgilere sahip olduğumuz Şehrezûrî, Şihâbüddîn es-Sühreverdî el-Maktûl’ün (ö. 587/1191) eserlerine şerh yazmasının yanında müstakil eserler de kaleme almıştır. Eserlerinde mantık, fizik, metafizik konularına yer veren Şehrezûrî, ilimler tasnifini de ele almıştır. Felsefeyi varlık ve fiillere (eylem) bağlı olarak varlık felsefesi (ontoloji) üzerinden temellendiren Şehrezûrî’nin yapmış olduğu tasnifte İbn Sînâ başta olmak üzere Sühreverdî’nin etkileri de görülmektedir. Özellikle İbn Sînâ’nın (öl.428/1037) felsefî ve aklî ilimlere ilişkin yazdığı Risâle fî aķsâmi’l-‘ulûmi’l-‘aķliyye adıyla bilinen risâlesinin etkileri açıkça görülmektedir. İslâm düşüncesinde ilimler tasnifi geleneği içinde “ilahi ağaç motifini” kullanan Şehrezûrî’nin ilimler tasnifi ile ilgili şimdiye kadar bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu makale İslâm düşüncesinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Şehrezûrî’nin ilimler tasnifiyle ilgili görşlerini incelemeyi ve değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Shams al-Dīn Muhammad b. Mahmūd al-Shahrazūrī (d. 687/after 1288), one of the significant representatives of the illumination philosophy tradition, was born in Shahrazūr which is located between Erbīl and Hamadān. al-Shahrazūrī about whose life we have limited information not only wrote glosses for the works by Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī al-Maqtūl (d. 587/1191). He also wrote independent works. Giving place to logic, physics and metaphysics subjects in his works, al-Shahrazūrī handled classification of sciences. The classification by al-Shahrazūrī who based philosophy on ontology depending on existence and verbs (actions) included the impacts of primarily Ibn Sīnā and al-Suhrawardī. The impacts of Ibn Sīnā’s (d. 428/1037) epistle entitled Risāla fī aqsāmal-ʽulūm al-ʽaqliyya which was related to philosophical and rational sciences were particularly obvious. No study has so far been conducted in relation with classification of sciences by al-Shahrazūrī who used “the divine tree motif” within the tradition of classification of sciences in Islamic thought. This paper aims to review and evaluate classification of sciences in the works by al-Shahrazūrī who discussed sciences depending on the tradition of classification of sciences in Islamic thought.
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