A leading American legal scholar offers a surprising account of the incompleteness of prevailing theories of freedom of speech. Robert C. Post shows that the familiar understanding of the First ...Amendment, which stresses the "marketplace of ideas" and which holds that "everyone is entitled to an opinion," is inadequate to create and preserve the expert knowledge that is necessary for a modern democracy to thrive. For a modern society reliably to answer such questions as whether nicotine causes cancer, the free and open exchange of ideas must be complemented by standards of scientific competence and practice that are both hierarchical and judgmental.
Post develops a theory of First Amendment rights that seeks to explain both the need for the free formation of public opinion and the need for the distribution and creation of expertise. Along the way he offers a new and useful account of constitutional doctrines of academic freedom. These doctrines depend both upon free expression and the necessity of the kinds of professional judgment that universities exercise when they grant or deny tenure, or that professional journals exercise when they accept or reject submissions.
The as-cast FeCoNi(CuAl)0.8Gax (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were produced by vacuum arc melting. The correlation between the magnetic properties and phase constitution of the HEAs was ...thoroughly investigated. The results reveal that all samples contain BCC plus FCC duplex phases and the addition of Ga can promote the formation of BCC phases. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results revealed that Cu and Ga elements are enriched in the BCC phases and they are more seriously in the phase boundary regions. Furthermore, the magnetic properties are closely related to the phase constitution of the as-cast FeCoNi(CuAl)0.8Gax (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) HEAs. The values of saturated magnetization (Ms), maximum magnetic flux density (Bm), remanence (Br), coercivity (Hc) and hysteresis losses (Pu) increase with the increase of the volume fraction of BCC phases, while the values of initial permeability (μi) and maximum permeability (μmax) increase with the increase of the volume fraction of FCC phases. In addition, the mechanical property of FeCoNi(CuAl)0.8Gax (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) HEAs was also discussed in the work.
•Ga element in FeCoNi(CuAl)0.8Gax HEAs can promote the formation of BCC phases.•Cu and Ga elements are enriched in the IR and PB regions.•Ms, Bm, Br, Hc and Pu increase with the increase of volume fraction of BCC phases.•μi and μm increase with the increase of the volume fraction of FCC phases.
The monograph is intended to create a platform for discussion on the most important issues concerning the reform and future of the VAT system in the European Community. It will be a place for an ...effective exchange of reflections and experiences, including in terms of highlighting and presenting to international audiences Poland’s positive experiences with mechanisms, such as split payments, reverse charge and Binding Tariff Information. Conclusions resulting from the scientific discussion will certainly be able to be used not only in national VAT legislation, but also in the practice of tax administration facing the difficult task of maintaining the budgetary effectiveness of VAT as the main source of state taxrevenue
The aqueous passivation of a non-equiatomic Ni38Fe20Cr22Mn10Co10 - at.% (Ni40Fe20Cr20Mn10Co10 - wt.%) multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) was investigated in 0.1 M NaCl at pH 4 and compared to a ...conventional binary Ni76Cr24 – at.% (Ni78Cr22 – wt.%) alloy. The electrochemical behavior and oxide film characteristics were explored utilizing in-situ electrochemical and ex-situ surface-sensitive techniques. The passive film composition, thickness, and elemental valence states, as well as, the fate of each element were studied by in-situ atomic emission spectro-electrochemistry, ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography. The Ni38Fe20Cr22Mn10Co10 MPEA demonstrated slightly better corrosion resistance compared to the binary Ni76Cr24, alloy. Passive films on the MPEA contained primarily Cr, and small amounts of Ni, Fe, Co and Mn, while dissolution of Ni, Fe, Co was observed. Ni0 was enriched at the oxide/metal interface while Cr was depleted. Enrichment of Cr in the passive film occurred to a greater extent in the MPEA than for the Ni-Cr binary alloy. Enrichment factors were determined and the origins of enrichment are discussed.
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This book explains deliberative constitution-making with a special focus on the connections between participation, representation and legitimacy and provides a general overview of what the challenges ...and prospects of deliberative constitution-making are today. It seeks to provide a more complete picture of what is at stake as a political trend in various places in the world, both theoretically and empirically grounded. Distinctively, the book studies not only established democracies and well-known cases of deliberative constitution-making but also such practices in authoritarian and less consolidated democratic settings and departs from a traditional institutional perspective to have a special focus on actors, and in particular underrepresented groups. This book is of key interest to scholars and students of deliberative democracy, constitutional politics, democratization and autocratization studies, citizen participation and more broadly to comparative politics, public administration, social policy and law.
Since its independence, Morocco engaged in the process of decentralization which results in the creation of the public administrations of proximity called territorial collectivity, this orientation ...rested with the new constitution in 2011 the adoption of the organic law. From this point of view and with resulting from the various dysfunctions it was imperative to adopt a new public management that is based on action and places the satisfaction of the citizen at the center of concern.
You are many things, including a person, a member of a species, a collection of cells, a collection of atoms, and a gene-replication machine. In You: A Natural History, William B. Irvine explores ...your many identities and describes the remarkable series of events that led you to possess them.
Abstract
There have been several important formal changes to the United Kingdom’s constitution over the past few decades, including devolution to Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales; the ...incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights in domestic law; and the creation of a new Supreme Court. This article is about the informal semantic changes that may have accompanied these formal changes. It focuses on several central concepts: parliamentary sovereignty, the rule of law, the separation of powers, devolution, and human rights. Using a recently developed machine learning method to analyse a massive corpus of parliamentary debate, the article gauges the extent to which these concepts have become more (or less) related to the meaning of the UK’s constitution in parliamentary discourse. Ultimately, the analysis supports some important theoretical expectations about the changing nature of the constitution, including the claim that parliamentary sovereignty is now a less significant concept for the meaning of the constitution than it once was.
The existence of goals in the state is in accordance with Emmanuel Kant's opinion that the existence of guarantees relating to the formation and defense is to improve the position of the law. There ...is a strong impetus that needs to be realized optimally when there is a change in the legal politics of state power, mainly so that there is no deviation from the direction of the law that will make it difficult to achieve the essence of the state. So how is the history related to the dynamics of legal politics in Indonesian state administration, political intervention in the development of Indonesian state administration, and finally how is the comparison of legal politics in national law and Islamic law. The problem approach used in this research is a normative approach. The normative approach is an approach that is carried out by collecting and studying applicable legal regulations that are closely related to research problems which include laws and regulations, official documents, and other sources. The results show that the reflection of the development or dynamics of legal politics in its influence on state administration includes the formation of laws and related authorities between each state institution, which is the basis for the direction of current state development. In this case, it is also seen that the role of legal politics can influence or intervene in the world of state administration, which is so dominating in various state administration structures. In this case, it is also necessary to see the role of legal politics in Islamic law, which is considered to play an important role historically in basic arrangements and is one of the factors in forming the pillars of state administration in Indonesia.
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