Designing of Median filter that can process 36 pixels at a time with edge preservation similar to a filter of size 9. Median sorting is done using Modified minimum exchange sorting method which ...attracts double the amount of inputs in order to reduce number of comparators used for median filtering. For the same reason i.e. double the amount of inputs switching loss is high in the circuit therefore data driven clock gating (DDCG) is applied for SRAM to form data driven FIFO. Considering space radiation that could excite memory state, Addition of DMR (Double Modular Redundancy) in FPIC would rectify the soft error that could possibly occur due to radiation in space. Therefore proposed method is capable of producing sharp image, controlling switching loss, minimizes area, and reduces soft errors.
Complex cascade refrigeration cycles are typically used for production of liquefied natural gas (LNG). These include the propane precooled mixed refrigerant (C3MR) cycle, the dual mixed refrigerant ...(DMR) cycle, and the Phillips Cascade cycle. These are highly energy-intensive processes, resulting in many studies focusing on improving their energy efficiency by reducing their shaft power demand. However, their relative performance remains unclear. Modelling assumptions and natural gas feed differ across the published literature. This work models and evaluates these three commercial cascade cycles on a common basis of modelling assumptions, natural gas feed and process complexity (e.g. number of compression stages). However, the performance of the cycles cannot be compared meaningfully without first optimising the designs. The optimisation strategy proposed combines a genetic algorithm, which includes regeneration of the population to improve diversity, with a nonlinear optimisation. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of this strategy. This work provides a meaningful comparison of the relative efficiencies of these commercial cascade cycles, to provide a basis for benchmarking novel cascade cycle options in a study to follow.
•C3MR, DMR, Phillips Cascade cycles on a common basis: gas feed, model assumptions.•Optimisation uses a genetic algorithm with population regeneration followed by SQP.•DMR cycle is the most energy-efficient; 10.4 % higher efficiency than C3MR cycle.•Performance of the three cascade cycles analysed from the perspective of their process configuration.•These results serve as benchmark to assess the performance of other cascade cycles.
This article presents the design of reconfigurable and tunable single and dual wideband bandstop filters. The proposed filters are constructed using two unequal square loop nested dual mode ...resonators (DMRs) that share one perturbation element on a common edge. The perturbation is used to excite and control the coupling between the degenerate modes of DMR. By varying the size of the perturbation, two reflection zeros (RZs) are shifted from the real to imaginary axis, improving the isolation between the stopbands. The response of the wideband bandstop filter (WBSF) can be converted from a single to a dual band while maintaining the total bandwidth of the filter. Additionally, two reference element pairs are located on the lateral arms of each resonator. Tunability are achieved by controlling the degree of stopbands with both elements and adjusting the upper stopband bandwidth with the inner resonator size, regardless of the total bandwidth. The proposed design is demonstrated with three WBSFs using nested DMRs, and even odd mode analysis of a single DMR is extracted to elucidate topology. The center frequencies for the single and dual band cases are adjusted to 7.26 GHz, 5.13 GHz, and 10.59 GHz. The filters are fabricated and the measured.
Cyber–physical cloud systems (CPCS) are extensions of cyber–physical systems (CPS) that expand the cyber-part and distribute it on-device and in-cloud. CPCS are considered large-scale heterogeneous ...distributed cloud computing systems that support execution of multiple workflows. This study aims to reduce the energy consumption of multiple real-time workflows on CPCS and it contains two objectives: (1) maximizing the number of workflows that are completed within their deadlines; (2) minimizing the energy consumption of the workflows that are completed within their deadlines. The former is solved by proposing a deadline-driven processor merging for multiple workflows (DPMMW) algorithm, whereas the latter is solved by proposing a global energy saving for multiple workflows (GESMW) algorithm to minimize the total energy consumption. Experimental results validate that the combined DPMMW&GESMW algorithm can reduce deadline miss ratio (DMR) and save as much as possible energy over existing methods.
•Maximizing the number of workflows that are completed within their deadlines by proposing a deadline-driven processor merging for multiple workflows (DPMMW) algorithm.•Minimizing the energy consumption of the workflows that are completed within their deadlines by proposing a global energy saving for multiple workflows (GESMW) algorithm.•Experimental results validate that the combined DPMMW&GESMW algorithm can reduce deadline miss ratio (DMR) and save satisfactory energy over the existing methods.
Global warming caused by the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 has received widespread attention in recent years. The direct CO2 integration process in NG-based methanol (MeOH) synthesis plant is one ...of the predominant CO2 utilization technologies. However, a large amount of water produced in the MeOH reactor increasing the difficulty in the subsequent purification system and the high direct CO2 emissions are caused by the low CO2 conversion rate. In view of such issues, we propose an innovative MeOH production approach based on a parallel-series system combining steam methane reforming (SMR) and dry methane reforming (DMR) to achieve a high-efficiency utilization of CO2. In this approach, the CO2 from SMR and that from additional feeding are converted into CO with a proper amount in the DMR reformer, and thus the content of CO2 in the make-up gas becomes more appropriate than that of existing processes, and the conversion rate of CO2 to MeOH could be obviously increased, what is more, the corresponding direct emissions of CO2 could be significantly reduced. On the other hand, the carbon efficiency is introduced to evaluate the conversion efficiency of all raw material (i.e., CH4 and CO2) containing the carbon atoms. The comparative evaluations are carried out using Aspen Plus V8.4® and the proposed improved process is demonstrated to be more efficient than existing ones from views of technological, economic, and environmental metrics.
•An innovative approach combining parallel-series based SMR and DMR is proposed.•The process is evaluated from technological, economic, and environmental metrics.•The CO2 conversion rate of the proposed scenario reaches 86.08%.•The proposed scenario is more economically attractive in saving 24.3% utility costs.•The net potential for CO2 emissions reduction of 0.36 tCO2/tmethanol is obtained.
•Climate change increases the risk of producing late harvest wines.•The greatest risk is caused by Botrytis infection, which can be reduced by DMR.•In our long-term experiment, Botrytis infection ...rates were significantly reduced in several varieties.•Grape juice quality parameters were significantly improved for all varieties.
New grape growing technologies are needed to face the global warming and climate change, especially for the production of high-quality wines from late harvested grapes, which in standalone involved in a high production risk. The DMR technology was applied to the production of late harvested wine specialities in 2012-2021 for 4 white and 2 red wine varieties. The experiments were carried out in 4 replicates per variety and per year, measuring yield, quality parameters and visual inspection of Botrytis infection and withering. The results show that, in accordance with international literature, the DMR method significantly decreased the yield of all varieties, while the must and titratable acidity significantly increased. The advantage of the method was evaluated as a reduction of infection in years of hard Botrytis infection. In conclusion, the DMR method can be used to produce wine specialities of residual sugar content with a lower risk.
We analyzed the details of Tollmien–Schlichting wave transitions on a sandy rough surface through direct numerical simulations by resolving each roughness level using the volume penalization and ...zonal methods. Although wall roughness has generally been discussed in terms of increased drag in fully developed turbulent flows, we found that the sandy roughness on a flat plate suppresses the growth of both the turbulent kinetic energy and friction drag coefficient during the laminar-turbulent transitional flow state. The roughness size is on the microscale order, assuming similarity based on the Reynolds number and considering the case of the surface of a transonic airplane. Therefore, we call such three-dimensional and complex-shaped roughness with this effect distributed microroughness (DMR). On the sandy rough surface, the Tollmien–Schlichting wave collapses into a three-dimensional flow structure in the initial stage; however, the turbulent kinetic energy remains small. Generally, the turbulent kinetic energy of the subsequent three-dimensional turbulent component increases in correlation with the size of the primary T-S vortex. On the rough surface, the T-S roll vortex collapses before it maximally grows due to the spanwise disturbance caused by the three-dimensionality of the sandy roughness shape, resulting in the three-dimensional turbulence associated with the roll remaining small. Near the wall surface, the velocity fluctuates due to the distributed roughness, and the statistical peaks of the kinetic energy budget tend to be away from a wall. Although the details of the mechanism by which changes in the energy balance cause a decrease in the productive turbulent energy have not been elucidated, we will clarify the changes due to roughness parameters in a concurrent study.
•DNS with volume penalization and zonal methods was used to investigate the influence of distributed micro roughness (DMR) on drag increase in laminar turbulent transition flow via the T-S wave.•The DMR significantly suppressed the increase in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and frictional drag coefficient compared to the case of a flat plate surface.•We consider the DMR causes disturbances of various wavelengths, so that the T-S roll vortex collapses at an early stage, and as a result to keep the turbulence energy small.
Heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gα11 are inhibited by two cyclic depsipeptides, FR900359 (FR) and YM-254890 (YM), both of which are being used widely to implicate Gq/11 proteins in the ...regulation of diverse biological processes. An emerging major research question therefore is whether the cellular effects of both inhibitors are on-target, that is, mediated via specific inhibition of Gq/11 proteins, or off-target, that is, the result of nonspecific interactions with other proteins. Here we introduce a versatile experimental strategy to discriminate between these possibilities. We developed a Gαq variant with preserved catalytic activity, but refractory to FR/YM inhibition. A minimum of two amino acid changes were required and sufficient to achieve complete inhibitor resistance. We characterized the novel mutant in HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR–Cas9 of endogenous Gαq and Gα11 to ensure precise control over the Gα-dependent cellular signaling route. Using a battery of cellular outcomes with known and concealed Gq contribution, we found that FR/YM specifically inhibited cellular signals after Gαq introduction via transient transfection. Conversely, both inhibitors were inert across all assays in cells expressing the drug-resistant variant. These findings eliminate the possibility that inhibition of non-Gq proteins contributes to the cellular effects of the two depsipeptides. We conclude that combined application of FR or YM along with the drug-resistant Gαq variant is a powerful in vitro strategy to discern on-target Gq against off-target non-Gq action. Consequently, it should be of high value for uncovering Gq input to complex biological processes with high accuracy and the requisite specificity.
Our knowledge of genomic imprinting in primates is lagging behind that of mice largely because of the difficulties of allelic analyses in outbred animals. To understand imprinting dynamics in ...primates, we profiled transcriptomes, DNA methylomes, and H3K27me3 in uniparental monkey embryos. We further developed single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP)-free methods, TARSII and CARSII, to identify germline differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in somatic tissues. Our comprehensive analyses showed that allelic DNA methylation, but not H3K27me3, is a major mark that correlates with paternal-biasedly expressed genes (PEGs) in uniparental monkey embryos. Interestingly, primate germline DMRs are different from PEG-associated DMRs in early embryos and are enriched in placenta. Strikingly, most placenta-specific germline DMRs are lost in placenta of cloned monkeys. Collectively, our study establishes SNP-free germline DMR identification methods, defines developmental imprinting dynamics in primates, and demonstrates imprinting defects in cloned monkey placenta, which provides important clues for improving primate cloning.
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•Maternal H3K27me3 is not a major mark for paternally expressed genes in monkey embryos•Developing SNP-free methods that identify germline DMRs in outbred animals•Primate germline DMRs are more highly enriched in placenta than in somatic tissues•Placenta-specific germline DMRs are largely lost in monkey SCNT placenta
Chu and Zhang et al. develop SNP-free methods to identify germline differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in outbred animals. Germline DMRs in primate early embryos are largely lost during development and are biasedly maintained in placenta. This loss is non-reversible by SCNT, resulting in severe imprinting defects in cloned monkey placenta.
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