Borges v Cervantesovem ogledalu Kalenić Ramšak, Branka
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12/2021, Letnik:
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Borges je pri pisanju svojih izmišljij, ki pomenijo začetek postmodernistične pripovedi v svetovni književnosti, eden najbolj originalnih bralcev in interpretov Cervantesovega Don Kihota, ki ...predstavlja začetek sodobnega romana v književnosti zahodnoevropskega duhovnega kroga. Članek obravnava nekatere literarne povezave med Cervantesom in Borgesom, ki sta vsak v svojem času in na svoji strani Atlantika pomenila začetek velikih sprememb v razumevanju svetovne književnosti. Tako Cervantesov kot Borgesov referencialni svet ni neposredna realnost temveč bodisi ironična primerjava resničnega z literarnim svetom bodisi fikcija, ki je nastala na podlagi ustvarjalnega branja že prej napisanih literarnih del. Pri obeh avtorjih ni jasne razmejitve med realnostjo in fikcijo, saj sta v njunih besedilih prepleteni. Cervantes prebira antične, renesančne in baročne avtorje, pripovedni junak don Kihot oziroma njegov drugi jaz, Alonso Kihano, se izgublja v izmišljenih svetovih viteških romanov, ki jih ima skrbno spravljene v svoji knjižnici. Borges si svojega življenja brez književnosti in knjižnice ne zna predstavljati. Na primeru analize dveh Borgesovih kratkih pripovedi – Pierre Menard, avtor Kihota (1939) in Delovanje knjige (1981) – se pokaže njuna neverjetna ustvarjalna prepletenost. Borges je znal literarno materijo renesančno-baročnega avtorja mojstrsko vgraditi v vsebino svojega lastnega ustvarjanja in nadaljevati literarno raziskovanje z metafikcijskimi literarnimi postopki. Zato izbrani Borgesov epigraf na začetku članka iz kratke pripovedi Utopija moža, ki je utrujen, da je potrebno predvsem vedno znova brati, potrjuje njegovo predanost dejanju branja, ki je neskončno in vedno ponavljajoče se dejanje – regressus ad infinitum. Bralci pa moramo biti v procesu branja aktivno udeleženi kot soustvarjalci in odprti za vse možnosti recepcije.
Among royal jelly’s (RJ) various biological activities, its possible antitumour activity deserves particular attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of RJ, its bioactive ...component 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10- HDA), and human interferon-alpha (HuIFN-αN3) on the proliferation of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (CaCo- 2), and ascertain their effect on intracellular glutathione (GSH) level and lipid peroxidation. We studied the antiproliferative (AP) activity of RJ (0.1 g/10 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS), HuIFN-αN3 (1000 I.U. mL-1), 10-HDA at 100.0 μmol L-1, and their different combinations, in the ratio 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 on CaCo-2 cells. The GSH level was measured by glutathione assay. The lipid peroxidation was measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) assay. Single RJ had a low AP activity: 2.0 (0.5 mg mL-1). HuIFN-αN3 had an AP activity of 2.5 (208.33 I.U. mL-1), while 10-HDA had an AP activity of 1.5 (37.5 μmol mL-1). The highest AP activity of 3.8 was obtained when RJ and HuIFN-αN3 were applied at the ratio 2:1. In that combination the level of GSH was 24.9±2.4 nmol g-3 of proteins (vs. 70.2±3.2 nmol g-3 in the control) and the level of MDA was 72.3±3.1 nmol g-3 (vs. 23.6±9.1 nmol g-3 in the control). It is generally assumed that 10-HDA, an important constituent of RJ, together with HuIFN-αN3, is responsible for the inhibition of CaCo-2 cells proliferation in vitro. In our study, however, RJ and HuIFN-αN3 applied at 2:1 decreased the level of GSH the most and significantly increased lipid peroxidation via MDA in CaCo-2 cells. Future studies should show whether these GSH- and MDA-related activities of RJ, HuIFN-αN3, 10-HDA, and their combinations may decrease the tumorigenicity index and tumorigenic potential of various tumour cells in vitro.
Kot del biološke aktivnosti MM (Matičnega mlečka) so avtorji preučevali njegovo protitumorsko delovanje kot tudi možno interakcijo s humanim interferonom alfa (HuIFN-αN3). Cilj opravljenih poskusov je bil preučiti vpliv kombinacije med MM in HuIFN-αN3 na proliferacijo celic Humanega kolorektalnega adenokarcinoma (CaCo-2) in njun vpliv na znotrajcelični nivo glutationa (GSH) in peroksidacijo lipidov. Avtorji so preučevali AP (Antiproliferativno) delovanje MM (0.1 g/10 mL fosfatnega pufra) (PBS), HuIFN-αN3, (1000 I.U. mL-1), 10-hidroxy-2-decenoične kisline (10-HDA) (100.0 μmol L-1) in različne kombinacije med njimi (1:1, 1:2 in 2:1) na celice CaCo-2 in vitro. Njihov vpliv na znotrajcelični nivo GSH so merili s pomočjo komercialnega kita. Peroksidacijo lipidov so merili s pomočjo meritve vrednosti malondialdehida (MDA). MM sam kaže AP aktivnost 2.0 (0.5 mg mL-1 ). HuIFN-αN3 ima AP aktivnost 2.5 (208.33 I.U. mL-1) medtem ko ima 10-HDA AP aktivnost 1.5 (37.5 μmol mL-1). AP aktivnost kombinacije MM:HuIFN-αN3 (2:1) je bila 3.8. Pri tej kombinaciji je bil viden vpliv na nivo GSH: 24.9±2.4 nmol g-3 proteinov (70.2±3.2 nmol g-3 pri kontroli). Nivo MDA je bil 72.3±3.1 nmol g-3 pri kontroli). 10-HDA je glavna sestavina MM, ki v kombinaciji s HuIFN-αN3 deluje antiproliferativno na CaCo-2 celice. MM in HuIFN-αN3 v kombinaciji 2:1 pospešujeta peroksidacijo lipidov (MDA) in zmanjšujeta nivo glutationa (GSH). Nadaljni poskusi bodo pokazali ali z GSH- in MDA- povezane aktivnosti MM, HuIFN-αN3, 10-HDA in kombinacij med njimi, zmanjšujejo indeks tumorigenosti in s tem tumorigeni potencijal različnih tumorskih celic in vitro.
Prispevek premišljuje emancipatorni potencial gibanj v vstajah 2012–2013, najbolj silovitih v zgodovini samostojne Slovenije. Ne glede na njihovo organizacijsko obliko (iniciativa, kolektiv, ...neformalno združenje, društvo, zavod, politična stranka …), čas nastanka ali številčnost je v središču predvsem njihovo razumevanje politike in potencial za razvoj strategij za politično delovanje. Pri tem avtorica izhajam iz temeljnega aksioma, da resen premislek o politiki nujno vključuje premislek o temeljni radikalni enakosti med ljudmi, to je politiki emancipacije, ki ji je inherentna egalitarna norma. Analiza temelji na intervjujih s sogovorniki iz 19 gibanj, aktivnih v času vstaj, in pokaže na nasprotja, ki so se vzpostavila med gibanji znotraj paradigme »možnega«, kjer je politika razumljena kot vladavina, in tista na področju »nemožnega«, to je izumljanja prostorov politike, ki bi temeljili na radikalni enakosti onkraj boja za oblast.
Alcohol consumption among young people is strongly related to alcohol availability. The minimum legal drinking (purchasing) age (MLDA) is a legal measure that regulates alcohol availability to minors ...in Slovenia. This study examines (1) retailers' compliance with the MLDA law in Slovenia and (2) the effectiveness of two interventions directed at cashiers in off-premise stores.
The study uses a non-randomized quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of (1) a communication intervention directed at off-premise store managers, and (2) an intervention by the Slovene Market Inspectorate. The first intervention focused on informing cashiers about MLDA's importance and their role as gatekeepers of young people's health, while the second involved law enforcement. Using the mystery shopping protocol, we conducted two waves of purchase attempts with decoy underage shoppers pre- and post-intervention in 97 off-premise stores. We collected data on the shopping process at the point of sale and conducted 40 semistructured interviews with cashiers to evaluate the barriers and incentives regarding MLDA compliance.
Retailers' initial noncompliance rate with MLDA in off-premise stores was high, but improved significantly after the law enforcement intervention. We identified a significant correlation between the cashiers' ID requests and the refusal of alcohol sales, but cashiers' ID requests remained low. Qualitative findings reveal that cashiers experience several issues when handling MLDA in practice.
Noncompliance with MLDA persisted even after the law enforcement intervention, revealing the need for policy makers to introduce new strategies for MLDA enforcement, such as revocable alcohol licenses for off-premise stores.
Reduction or elimination of chemically synthesized additives from foods is a current demand in food industry. A new approach to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms or protect food from ...oxidation is the use of essential oils or plant extracts as natural additives in foods. We have studied antimicrobial activity of rosemary extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against different species of Listeria and against different strains of L. monocytogenes. We used two extracts of rosemary, VivOX 20 and VivOX 40 (Vitiva d.d., Slovenia) containing different levels of carnosic acid. We wanted to proof an antimicrobial activity of selected rosemary extracts with two most commonly used methods: disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. With the disc diffusion method we have obtained the inhibition zone and at the lowest concentrations, where no visible bacterial growth was recorded, were assumed as minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC). We determined MIC values in the ranges from 625 μg extract/ml EtOH to 5000 μg extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 20 and from 312.5 μg extract/ml EtOH do 2500 μg extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 40 in the medium. We have established that the resistance of Listeria species against rosemary extracts depends on: selected extract, selected concentration, various species and strain of Listeria. With broth dilution method we have determined minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), as the concentration giving 0.1% bacterial survival. With this method we have tested two strains of L. monocytogenes and in determinate MBC values in the range from 15.63 μg/ml TSB to 98.5 μg/ml TSB for both tested extracts. Results have confirmed our assumption that resistance of Listeria against rosemary extracts depended on the selected strain.
Zahteve potrošnikov po celem svetu so zmanjšati oz. izločiti kemično sintetizirane konzervanse iz živil. Novejše metode preprečevanja mikrobne kontaminacije in oksidacije uporabljajo eterična olja ali rastlinske ekstrakte kot naravne konzervanse. Proučevali smo protimikrobno delovanje ekstraktov rožmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) na različne vrste bakterij rodu Listeria in seve bakterij L. monocytogenes. Uporabili smo dva različna komercialno pripravljena ekstrakta rožmarina, VivOX 20 in VivOX 40 (Vitiva d.d., Slovenija), ki sta vsebovala različno koncentracijo karnozolne kisline. Protimikrobni učinek izbranih ekstraktov smo želeli dokazati z dvema najpogosteje uporabljenima metodama: metoda difuzije v trdnem gojišču in metoda razredčevanja v tekočem gojišču. Pri metodi difuzije v trdnem gojišču smo po inkubaciji odčitali nastale inhibicijske cone, s katerimi smo določili minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIC), kot tiste koncentracije, pri katerih ni bilo vidne rasti bakterij na gojišču. Vrednosti MIC smo določili v območju med 625 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH do 5000 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH za ekstrakt VivOX 20 in med 312,5 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH do 2500 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH za ekstrakt VivOX 40. Ugotovili smo, da je odpornost listerij proti ekstraktoma rožmarina odvisna od izbranega ekstrakta, izbrane koncentracije ter vrste in seva listerij. Z metodo razredčevanja v tekočem gojišču smo določali minimalne baktericidne koncentracije (MBC), kot tiste koncentracije, pri katerih preživi 0,1 % testnih bakterij. Uporabili smo dva različna seva bakterij vrste L. monocytogenes in vrednosti MBC v večini poskusov določili med 15,63 μg/ml gojišča TSB in 98,5 μg/ml gojišča za oba uporabljena ekstrakta. Rezultati so ponovno potrdili našo domnevo, da je odpornost listerij proti ekstraktoma rožmarina odvisna od seva.
This book looks at how it is we do tourism and learn to be tourists when we are on holiday. Tourism is a dynamic way of being that may facilitate or hinder intercultural exchange. It draws on ...empirical work and a range of theoretical frameworks, arguing that tourism matters precisely because of the lessons it can teach us about everyday life.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Potentilla reptans L. is a weedy plant widespread throughout Europe and Asia. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat ...various diseases, alone or in combination with other plants. The aim of this research is to determine the chemical profile of this plant as well as to assess the biological activity and pharmacological effects of an aqueous extract of P. reptans rhizome and aerial parts. Until now, no data has been found for chemical composition of P. reptans rhizome, while eight compounds have been identified in the aerial part. Pharmacological researches were intended to determine an anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer effect. The aqueous extracts of both rhizome and aerial parts of P. reptans were provided for proposed analysis. Using reference methodology, it was determined the total content of phenols, flavonoids and procyanidins, and phenolic compounds were identified using 45 standard substances. In vitro, anti-oxidant activity was determined by using DPPH test. The research of pharmacological effects was carried out using appropriate methodologies where anti-inflammatory, anti-histamic, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts of P. reptans rhizome and aerial parts was determined. Research results showed dominant presence of flavonoids in P. reptans aerial parts, while catechin is dominant in rhizome. Examined extracts showed anti-oxidant effect, and it is detected that the rhizome showed a stronger anti-oxidant effect than the areal parts. Anti-inflammatory activity was observed in both extracts using several growing concentrations. Positive result occurred when the highest concentration of the aqueous extract of P. reptans rhizome was used. Both extracts showed cytotoxic activity, but stronger activity was detected in the aqueous extract of rhizome. Anti-histamic activity was detected in the aqueous extract of P. reptans areal parts while the rhizome did not show this kind of activity. An examination of the extract effectiveness against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungus Candida albicans showed the effectiveness of both extracts. Antimicrobial activity was the most significant at the highest concentrations, the exception is Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria, where the used concentrations did not show any significant effect.- Potentilla reptans L. je korovska biljka dosta rasprostranjena u Evropi i Aziji. Koristi se u tradicionalnoj medicini, u terapiji različitih oboljenja sama ili u kombinaciji sa drugim biljkama. Cilj ovog istraživanja je određivanje hemijskog profila ove biljke kao i utvrđivanje biološke aktivnosti i farmakoloških efekata vodenih ekstrakata rizoma i herbe P. reptans. Do sada nisu zabeleženi podaci o hemijskom sastavu rizoma P. reptans, dok je u herbi identifikovano osam jedinjenja. Farmakološka ispitivanja su se odnosila na određivanje antioksidantnog i antiulcerogenog efekta. Za predviđene analize pripremljeni su vodeni ekstrakti herbe i rizoma P. reptans. Primenom referentne metodologije određen je sadržaj ukupnih fenola, flavonoida i procijanidina, kao i identifikacija fenolnih jedinjenja iz pomoć 45 standardnih supstanci. U in vitro uslovima primenom DPPH testa određena je antioksidantna aktivnost ekstrakata. Ispitivanje farmakoloških efekata sprovedeno je primenom odgovarajućih metodologija pri čemu je određivana antiinflamatorna, antihistaminska, antimikrobna i citotoksična aktivnost vodenih ekstrakata herbe i rizoma P. reptans. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali dominantno prisustvo flavonoida u herbi P. reptans, dok u rizomu dominira katehin. Ispitivani ekstrakti pokazuju antioksidantni efekat, gde je uočeno da nešto jači antioksidantni efekat ispoljava rizom u odnosu na herbu. Antiinflamatorna aktivnost je posmatrana kod oba ekstrakta primenom nekoliko rastućih koncentracija. Pozitivan rezultat je uočen primenom najveće koncentracije vodenog ekstrakta rizoma P. reptans. Oba ekstrakta pokazuju citotoksičnu aktivnost, pri čemu je veća aktivnost uočena kod vodenog ekstrakta rizoma. Antihistaminska aktivnost je uočena kod vodenog ekstrakta herbe P. reptans dok rizom nije pokazao ovu vrstu aktivnosti. Ispitivanjem efikasnosti ekstrakata na gram pozitivne, gram negativne bakterije i gljivicu Candida albicans uočena je efikasnost obe vrste ekstrakata. Antimikrobno delovanje je bilo najizraženije pri najvećim primenjenim koncentracijama, izuzetak je bakterija Klebsiella pneumoniae gde ni jedna od primenjenih koncentracija nije dovela do značajnog efekta.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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