This open access book explores the organization and evolution of Finland’s Cold War cultural diplomacy (1945-1975) as the basis for a reflection on the country’s foreign relations, the link between ...culture and politics, small states’ autonomy during the Cold War, and the porosity of the East-West divide. The book offers a historical survey of the development of Finland’s cultural diplomacy as part of the Finnish state’s foreign activities. In its empirical parts, it focuses on archives drawn from the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education in order to explain Finland’s cultural diplomacy as the result of the country’s foreign policy orientations, interactions between domestic and foreign policy, and the expansion of state activities in the artistic, educational, and cultural sectors. Various reflections and reports on foreign cultural relations highlight the role of identity concerns, cultural relations, geopolitics and economic imperatives in the development of a specifically Finnish cultural diplomacy. Furthermore, the book focuses on specific aspects and events, considering for instance the organization and evolutions of Finland’s cultural relations with the USSR, the role of cultural treaties, academic exchanges and scientific cooperation, “cultural exports” and the marketization of culture, overlaps between cultural relations and high politics.
This work analyses the multi-dimensional concept of science diplomacy. More specifically, it examines the development, establishment and functioning of Science and Innovation Centres (SICs). In an ...original comparative and longitudinal study, this work closely analyses the institutionalisation of two distinct SICs: Germany’s Deutsche Wissenschafts- und Innovationshäuser (DWIH) and Switzerland’s Swissnex. It further probes why actors participate in SICs by deciphering their differing rationales and thus developing a distinctly actor-centred perspective on science diplomacy. The findings reaffirm that science diplomacy is clearly driven by national interests, while further highlighting that the notion of science diplomacy and its governance (actors, rationales and instruments) can only be fully understood by analysing the national context in question.
Diplomatic action in international relations is a global security priority in the inter-connected world. The birth of cyber diplomacy, occurred in the year 2007, which will always be remembered due ...to a wide-ranging cyber attack on Estonia. Indeed, Estonia is known for being one of the most wired countries in Europe. The attack consisted of crippled computer networks because of hackers which paralysed numerous amount of government and corporates sites. The escalation in these kinds of attacks highlighted the need for governments to formulate national cyber strategies. This sprang from the realisation that cyberspace, like the physical world, also has military and strategic dimensions and requires countries to work together to defeat cyber opponents.
Attacks within cyberspace are subject to strategically-formulated threats, which go beyond the usual physical terrorist-type threats. Global progress, democracy and peace are at stake. This makes cyber diplomacy a major issue for countries’ foreign policies, due to the interdisciplinary nature of the domain. A number of aspects are relevant in this respect: policies, politics and sociology (dread), diplomacy, digital/cyber science, multilateralism and world history.
This paper reports on a systematic literature review that was carried out to reveal the dimensions of current cyber diplomacy research. While a number of studies have introduced and defined “Cyber Diplomacy” and its associated diplomatic actions, none have sought to distinguish this field from the more traditional and well established diplomacy concept. This is a significant gap in the literature, which will be the topic of future research.
The health-foreign policy nexus is explored in this article through a case study of Nigeria that interrogates the motivation for health diplomacy and demonstrates the institutions and mechanisms for ...its conduct. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Nigeria, since attaining independence in 1960 has attached importance to utilising health as an instrument for promoting foreign policy. The article utilizes the primary and secondary methods of data collection. The primary data were obtained from oral interviews and daily newspaper reports. It further draws upon materials from the WHO Archives in Geneva and National Archives, Ibadan. Secondary data were sourced from books, journal articles, government publications and the internet. The data generated were analysed using descriptive and content analysis. The article concludes that the Nigerian experience reveals the linkages between health and foreign policy. Health engagements in the form of aid, assistance and cooperation are used as a form of soft power that fulfils domestic and foreign policy goals, including security, economic growth and other interests However, institutional pluralism, divided responsibilities and non-professionalisation of health diplomats have marred the conduct of Nigeria's health diplomacy.
In this new book on early modern diplomacy, Jan Hennings explores the relationship between European powers and Russia beyond the conventional East-West divide from the Peace of Westphalia to the ...reign of Peter the Great. He examines how, at a moment of new departure in both Europe and Russia, the norms shaping diplomatic practice emerged from the complex relations and direct encounters within the world of princely courts rather than from incompatible political cultures. He makes clear the connections between dynastic representation, politics and foreign relations and shows that Russia, despite its perceived isolation and cultural distinctiveness, participated in the developments and transformations that were taking place more broadly in diplomacy. The central themes of this study are the interlocking manifestations of social hierarchy, monarchical honour and sovereign status in both text and ritual. Related issues of diplomatic customs, institutional structures, personnel, negotiation practice, international law, and the question of cultural transfer, also figure prominently.
Devletlerin ulusal amaçlarını gerçekleştirme konusunda uluslararası kamuoyunun desteǧinin önemini kavraması ile diplomasi alanında önemli deǧişiklikler yaşanmıştır. Diplomaside yaşanan bu deǧişim, ...diplomasinin yeni bir türü, kamu diplomasisi olarak literatürdeki yerini almıştır. Doǧru yönetilmiş kamu diplomasisi politikalarının başarısı kanıtlanmıştır. Bu şekilde kamu diplomasisi devletlerin önemli bir diplomasi aracı haline gelmiştir. Yeni bir devlet olarak kurulan Rusya Federasyonu bir süre sonra, çok kutuplu dünyanın güçlü bir kutbu olma yönündeki ulusal amacını gerçekleştirmek için uluslararası kamuoyunun desteǧine ihtiyacı olduǧunu fark ederek yeni bir kamu diplomasisi stratejisi geliştirmeye koyulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Rusya'nın kamu diplomasisi sürecini takip ederek başarılı olup olmadıǧı sorusuna bir cevap bulmaktır. Bu doǧrultuda, Rusya'nın takip ettiǧi kamu diplomasisi stratejisinin küçük bir haritası sergilendikten sonra kamu diplomasisinin teorik unsurlarından yararlanılarak atılan adımlar analiz edilmeye çalışılacak ve yukarıda sorulan sorunun cevabı aranacaktır.
Summary
This article addresses the question of whether the emerging role of cities in diplomacy is a reflection of the diplomatic transformation in China, and what the distinctive features are of the ...diplomatic roles of cities within China's context. It argues that city diplomacy in China falls between club diplomacy and network diplomacy by exploring five aspects: the number of players, structures, forms, transparency and main purposes. Cities have developed their representation by serving as important agents in managing domestic and international situations, developed their communication channels by contributing in shaping China's neighbouring diplomacy and global partnerships, and developed their negotiation techniques by participating in reform of global governance system. The article concludes that the diplomatic role of cities in China is to consolidate the social foundation of relations between nations, promote the establishment of a new type of international relations, and promote a community of a shared future for mankind.
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