The major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of the host rocks and the mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) gathered from the Dölek and Sariçiçek plutons, Eastern Turkey, were studied to ...understand the underlying petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. The plutons were emplaced at ∼
43 Ma at shallow depths (∼
5 to 9 km) as estimated from Al-in hornblende geobarometry. The host rocks consist of a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite (SiO
2
=
56.98–72.67 wt.%; Mg#
=
36.8–50.0) populated by MMEs of gabbroic diorite to monzodiorite in composition (SiO
2
=
53.21–60.94 wt.%; Mg#
=
44.4–53.5). All the rocks show a high-K calc-alkaline differentiation trend. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are moderately fractionated and relatively flat (La/Yb)
N
=
5.11 to 8.51. They display small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu
⁎
=
0.62 to 0.88), with enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE. Initial Nd–Sr isotopic compositions for the host rocks are
ε
Nd(43 Ma)
=
−
0.6 to 0.8 and mostly
I
Sr
=
0.70482–0.70548. The Nd model ages (
T
DM) vary from 0.84 to 0.99 Ga. The Pb isotopic ratios are (
206Pb/
204Pb)
=
18.60–18.65, (
207Pb/
204Pb)
=
15.61–15.66 and (
208Pb/
204Pb)
=
38.69–38.85. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition, with
I
Sr ranging from 0.70485 to 0.70517,
ε
Nd(43 Ma) −
0.1 to 0.8 and with Pb isotopic ratios of (
206Pb/
204Pb)
=
18.58–18.64, (
207Pb/
204Pb)
=
15.60–15.66 and (
208Pb/
204Pb)
=
38.64–38.77. The MMEs have
T
DM ranging from 0.86 to 1.36 Ga. The geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks indicate that the enclaves are of mixed origin and are most probably formed by the interaction between the lower crust- and mantle-derived magmas. All the geochemical data, in conjunction with the geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle, probably triggered by the upwelling of the asthenophere, and interacted with a crustal melt that originated from the dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. Modeling based on the Sr–Nd isotope data indicates that ∼
77–83% of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle involved in the genesis. Consequently, the interaction process played an important role in the genesis of the hybrid granitoid bodies, which subsequently underwent a fractional crystallization process along with minor amounts of crustal assimilation, en route to the upper crustal levels generating a wide variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite in an extensional regime.
The Eocene Zigana Granitoid in the northern zone and the Middle-Upper Eocene Dolek and Saricicek Plutons in the southern zone of the Eastern Pontides (NE-Turkey) consist of different rock series ...ranging in composition from intermediate to felsic compositions containing from <1% to 9% of biotite. The biotites are Mg-rich (
X
Fe = Fe
2+/Fe
2+ + Mg) = 0.28 – 0.49) in the southern zone plutons and Mg- to Fe-rich (
X
Fe = Fe
2+/Fe
2+ + Mg) = 0.33 – 0.78) in the northern zone pluton. They coexist with K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, amphibole, pyroxene, low titanium magnetite, minor ilmenite ± titanite. Biotites have been buffered by the Ni-NiO. The plutons equilibrated under low oxygen fugacities (Log
fO
2) ranging from –16.01 to –20.23 bars for Dolek and Saricicek, and –16.70 to –17.90 bars for Zigana.
EPMA indicate that the composition of biotite is related to the mineral assemblages of Dolek, Saricicek and Zigana biotites as a consequence of chemistry of the magma and the physical conditions during crystallization. The biotite compositions were used to discriminate the tectonic setting of the plutons. The intrusions appear to be related to calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline orogenic suites. Furthermore, Mg
6-Fe
tot substitution has played a significant role during the crystallization of the biotites.
1939-45 Soviet occupation, school, school relations, everyday life in Białogłów. Arrests of Jews. Ghetto deportation in Zborów, liquidation of the ghetto in 1941. Departure from Białogłów with family ...through Vilnius to Zbarazo in May 1944. Repatriation to Poland in February 1945. Grabież of German property and property of repatriates by the Soviet army in 1945.
Lata 1939-45. Okupacja sowiecka, szkoła, stosunki w szkole, życie codzienne w Białogłowach. Aresztowania Żydów. Wywózka do getta w Zborowie, likwidacja getta w 1941 roku. Wyjazd z Białogłów z rodziną przez Wilno do Zbaraża w maju 1944 roku. Repatriacja do Polski w lutym 1945 roku. Grabież mienia niemieckiego i mienia repatriantów przez wojska sowieckie w 1945 roku.
Handicrafts that are examined within the context of intangible cultural heritage are among the values that are beginning to disappear. On the other hand; guduculuk, which is still going on even if ...limited its production in Dolek Village of Gumushane province, is a valuable hand craft to be examined academically. In this respect, the aim of study is to provide a solution for the revitalization and transfering it to future generations in the context of sustainable tourism of guduculuk increasingly decreasing production in the village of Dolek, Gumushane province. In line with the aims of the work; interviews with relevant stakeholders were conducted and the results were analyzed and evaluated by content analysis and descriptive analysis method. As a result, it has been found that there are some problems in the continuation of guduculuk in the study. These problems are mainly young people's indifference to the handcraft and not get craftsman's labor provision. In addition, the production process is difficult and laborious, the sale of potteries cheaply for the lack of become a cooperative, the lack of suitable places for the sale and marketing of pottery in Dölek Village are other problems.
Doğu Türkiye'de, yüksek-K'lu kalk-alkalin Dölek ve Sarıçiçek plütonlarındaki manyetit-ulvospinel ve ilmenithematit
katı ergiyik ürünleri mikroprop analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Oksijen kısmi basıncı ...ve sıcaklık tahminleri için,
plütonlarda anklav ve ana kayaçlardan toplanan yirmi sekiz örneğin bileşimleri kullanılmıştır. İlmenit ve ulvöspinel,
ana kayaçlardaki titanomanyetitlerde bazı kristalografik yüzeyler boyunca düzenli bir biçimde ayrılım lamelleri
halinde oluşmuşlardır. Ancak, bu oluşum, mafik mikrogranular enklavların titanomanyetitlerinde bulunmamaktadır.
Titanomanyetit ve ilmenit sırasıyla, $Mt_{98-70}Usp_{02-30}$ ve $Ilm_{99-65}Hm_{01-35}$ bileşimindedir. Titanomanyetit-ilmenit
termometre/oksijen barometresi kullanılarak elde edilen oksijen fugasitesi tahminleri, ana kayaçlarda -15.30 logfO2
ila -20.48 log fO2 arasında, mafik mikrogranular enklavlarda -15.39 log fO2 ila -20.80 log fO2 arasındadır. Sıcaklık
tahminleri ise, ana kayaçlarda; 617 ± 6 ila 758±23 °C arasında, mafik mikrogranular enklavlarda ise 622±6 ile
735±24 °C arasındadır. Sıcaklık değerleri, yüksek olasılıkla kristalleşme sırasındaki değerlerini temsil ederler.
Granitoyid kayaçlar üzerinde yapılan bu titanomanyetit-ilmenit jeotermometresi, lamel biçimli ilmenit çiftleri
üzerinde de denenmiştir ve ortalama 679±18 °C oluşum sıcaklığı belirlenmiştir. Fe-Ti oksitlerin spesifik kristal
biçimleri, kimyasal özellikleri ve ana kayaç ve mafik mikrogranular anklavlardan (MME) alınan Fe-Ti oksit
çiftlerinden hasaplanan sıcaklık ve oksijen fugasitesi değerlerindeki benzerlikler, bu plütonların kristalizasyonu
süresince, dinamik bir magma odasında muhtemelen bir felsik ile bir mafik magmanın çeşitli oranlarda karışmış
olabileceğini ve bu iki tezat magma arasında yüksek olasılıkla termal dengenin sağlanmış olabileceğine işaret
etmektedir. Hibrit plütonların oluşumlarında, büyük olasılıkla, yükselen sıcak magmanın manto-kabuk sınırına
yerleşerek magma odası oluşturması mekanizması etkili olmuştur. Litosferik üst manto (mafik uç üye) ve alt
kabuktan (felsik uç üye) türeyen eşyaşlı magmaların karışabilme modelinin gerçekleşebilmesi için sıcaklık kaynağının
tanımlanması gerekir. Sıcak astenosferin yükselmesi neticesinde, sıcaklık değişimi meydana gelir ve litosferik manto
ergimiş olabilir. Daha sonra, litosferik mantodan türeyen sıcak magma alt kabuğu ergitir ve felsik magma meydana
gelir. Alt kabuk ve üst manto kaynaklı magmaların karışımı bu hibrit plütonları oluşturmuştur. Bu olay Doğu
Pontidler'de Eosen sürecinde, çarpışma sonrası genişlemeli bir tektonik ortamın varlığını gerektirir.
Abstract: Magnetite-ulvöspinel and ilmenite-hematite solid solution intergrowths from the high-K calc-alkaline Dölek and Sarıçiçek plutons, Eastern Turkey, were investigated using microprobe analyses. Compositions of twenty-eight samples from the host rocks and their enclaves in the plutons were used to estimate the oxygen fugacity and temperature. The ilmenite and ulvöspinel component exsolves out along certain preferred crystallographic planes in the titanomagnetite of the host rocks, while they are always absent in those of the mafic microgranular enclaves. The titanomagnetite and ilmenite show variations as $Mt_{98-70}Usp_{02-30}$ and $Ilm_{99-65}Hm_{01-35}$ in composition, respectively. Estimations of oxygen fugacity and temperature using the titanomagnetite-ilmenite thermometry/oxygen barometry range from log fO2 of -15.30 to -20.48 in host rocks, logfO2 of -15.39 to -20.80 in the mafic microgranular enclaves and 617±6 to 758±23 °C in host rocks, 622±6 to 735±24 °C in the mafic microgranular enclaves, possibly indicating crystallisation temperature. Applying magnetite-ilmenite thermometry/oxygen barometry to the granitoid rocks also involves microprobe analyses of ilmenite lamellae in titanomagnetite and this method yielded mean temperatures of 679±18 °C. The specific forms and chemical properties of Fe-Ti oxides, and similarities in crystallization temperature and oxygen fugacity of the host rocks and the mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) obtained from the Fe-Ti oxide pairs imply that thermal equilibrium probably occurred between two contrasted magmas, which mixed in various proportions so that possibly a felsic and a more mafic magma interaction occurred in a convectively dynamic magma chamber during crystallization of the plutons. Probably, underplating may be responsible for genesis of the hybrid plutons. Thus, for mixing of coeval magmas derived from a lithospheric upper mantle (mafic end-member) and lower crust (felsic end-member), a thermal anomaly should be supplied. Upwelling of hot asthenospheric material results in thermal perturbation and melting of lithospheric mantle. Intrusion of hot lithospheric mantle-derived mafic magma then induced lower crustal melting, producing felsic melt. Mixing of the lower crust-derived melt and lithospheric mantle-derived magma formed the hybrid plutons. This process requires a post-collisional extensional tectonic setting during the Eocene in the Eastern Pontides.
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