Dual parametrizaions of the Bertrand offset- spacelike ruled surfaces are assigned and sundry modern outcomes are acquired in view of their integral invariants. A modern characterization of the ...Bertrand offsets of spacelike developable surfaces is specified. Further, many connections among the striction curves of Bertrand offsets of spacelike ruled surfaces and their integral invariants are gained.
This paper presents a novel method for designing Gysel power dividers with arbitrary power-division ratios as well as filtering responses. A coupling structure is utilized to replace the ...quarter-wavelength microstrip line in the power divider. By altering the coupling strength, the power ratio can be arbitrarily controlled with the highest ratio of 10:1. Furthermore, the coupling structures enable the filtering function of the power divider. Two transmission zeros are created near the passband edges, resulting in high-selectivity quasi-elliptic responses. Theoretical analysis is carried out, and closed-form equations are derived based on circuit theory and transmission line theory. For demonstration, three filtering Gysel power dividers are implemented with different power-division ratios (1:1, 3:1, and 10:1). In all of these circuits, power splitting and bandpass filtering functions are observed with good performance. Comparisons of the measured and simulated results are presented to verify the theoretical predications.
Whereas the design and properties of bent and plateaued functions have been frequently addressed during the past few decades, there are only a few design methods of the so-called five-valued spectra ...Boolean functions whose Walsh spectra take the values in {0, ±2 λ1 , ±2 λ2 }. Moreover, these design methods mainly regard the specification of these functions in their algebraic normal form (ANF) domain. In this paper, we give a precise characterization of this class of functions in their spectral domain using the concept of a dual of plateaued functions. Both necessary and sufficient conditions on the Walsh support of these functions are given, which then connects their design (in the spectral domain) to a family of the so-called totally (non-overlap) disjoint spectra plateaued functions. We identify some suitable families of plateaued functions having this property, thus providing some generic methods in the spectral domain. Furthermore, we also provide an extensive analysis of their constructions in the ANF domain and provide several generic design methods. The importance of this class of functions is manifolded, where apart from being suitable for some cryptographic applications, we emphasize their property of being constituent functions in the so-called four-bent decomposition.
Because cartilage and bone tissues have different lineage‐specific biological properties, it is challenging to fabricate a single type of scaffold that can biologically fulfill the requirements for ...regeneration of these two lineages simultaneously within osteochondral defects. To overcome this challenge, a lithium‐containing mesoporous bioglass (Li‐MBG) scaffold is developed. The efficacy and mechanism of Li‐MBG for regeneration of osteochondral defects are systematically investigated. Histological and micro‐CT results show that Li‐MBG scaffolds significantly enhance the regeneration of subchondral bone and hyaline cartilage‐like tissues as compared to pure MBG scaffolds, upon implantation in rabbit osteochondral defects for 8 and 16 weeks. Further investigation demonstrates that the released Li+ ions from the Li‐MBG scaffolds may play a key role in stimulating the regeneration of osteochondral defects. The corresponding mechanistic pathways involve Li+ ions enhancing the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through activation of the Wnt signalling pathway, as well as Li+ ions protecting chondrocytes and cartilage tissues from the inflammatory osteoarthritis (OA) environment through activation of autophagy. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Li+ ions into bioactive MBG scaffolds is a viable strategy for fabricating bi‐lineage conducive scaffolds that enhance regeneration of osteochondral defects.
Lithium‐containing mesoporous bioactive glass (Li‐MBG) scaffolds offer two functions for regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone for osteochondral defects via enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells through activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway and protect cartilage tissues from the inflammatory osteoarthritis environment through activation of autophagy.
This paper derives the declarations for timelike ruled surfaces with stationary timelike Disteli-axis by the E. Study map. This prepares the ability to determine a set of Lorentzian invariants which ...explain the local shape of timelike ruled surfaces. As a result, the Hamilton and Mannhiem formulae of surfaces theory are attained at Lorentzian line space and their geometrical explanations are examined. Then, we define and explicate the kinematic geometry of a timelike Plűcker conoid created by the timelike Disteli-axis. Additionally, we provide the relationships through timelike ruled surface and the order of contact with its timelike Disteli-axis.
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are resident T cells that express semi-invariant TCR chains and are restricted by monomorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related ...molecules (MR1). MAIT cells can be activated by microbial-specific metabolites (MR1-dependent mode) or cytokines (MR1-independent mode). Activated MAIT cells produce chemokines, cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B and perforin), and proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17), to clear pathogens and target infected cells involved in the pro-inflammatory, migratory, and cytolytic properties of MAIT cells. MAIT cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in the target organs of autoimmune diseases and contribute to the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the biological characteristics, activation mechanism, dynamic migration, and dual functions of MAIT cells, and focuses on the mechanism and potential application of MAIT cells in the early diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and therapeutic targets of autoimmune diseases, to lay a foundation for future research.
•MAIT cells are innate T cells characterized by the expression of semi-invariant TCR chains and the restriction by MR1.•The activation mechanism of MAIT cells are MR1-dependent and MR1-independent manner.•Activated MAIT cells produce proinflammatory cytokines in target organs and contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases(AIDs).•MAIT cells play a complex dual role in AIDs.•MAIT cells have potential applications as biomarkers for predicting disease onset, monitoring disease activity, identifying different diseases, and novel therapeutic targets in AIDs.
Magnetic polymeric nanoparticles can be used for selective binding in a magnetic field. However, as the magnetic nanoparticles (MAG) are stabilized with polymers, the separation of the MAG from the ...polymer chains after use is difficult. This work proposes a combination of a thermoresponsive polymer with MAG allows for the as-desired simple removal of MAG from the polymer chains. For this, chitosan (CS) was conjugated with thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and antibody (Ab) together with the physisorbed MAG as a thermo-magneto dual functional material. The key synthesis steps are (i) radical polymerization of NIPAM in the presence of mercaptoacetic acid so that the PNIPAM obtained contains terminal carboxylic acid groups (PNIPAM-COOH), (ii) the CS-N-hydroxysuccinamide water-based system that allows conjugation of CS with PNIPAM-COOH in water at room temperature, and (iii) the weak interaction between MAG and the CS chain. As a model application, CS is conjugated with the antirecombinant Leptospirosis Ab (rLipL32) to allow the selective binding and collection of the target antigen under the dual functions. This is the first demonstration of a simple but effective solution for MAG exclusion from the target molecules and will be practical for diverse applications, such as diagnosis, sensors, filtration, etc.
Vitamin K2 (VK2) is an effective compound for anti-ferroptosis and anti-osteoporosis, and Semen sojae praeparatum (Dandouchi in Chinese) is the main source of VK2. Chondrocyte ferroptosis and ...extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation playing a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is the intersection of two mechanisms in regulating OA progression. But no studies have elucidated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of VK2 on OA. This study utilized an in vivo rat OA model created via anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and an in vitro chondrocyte oxidative damage model induced by TBHP to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of action of VK2 in OA. Knee joint pain in mice was evaluated using the Von Frey test. Micro-CT and Safranin O-Fast Green staining were employed to observe the extent of damage to the tibial cartilage and subchondral bone, while immunohistochemistry and PCR were used to examine GPX4 levels in joint cartilage. The effects of VK2 on rat chondrocyte viability were assessed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays, and chondrocyte morphology was observed with toluidine blue and alcian blue staining. The impact of VK2 on intracellular ferroptosis-related markers was observed using fluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Protein expression changes were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, specific protein inhibitors were applied to confirm the dual-regulatory effects of VK2 on GPX4. VK2 can increase bone mass and cartilage thickness in the subchondral bone of the tibia, and reduce pain and the OARSI score induced by OA. Immunohistochemistry results indicate that VK2 exerts its anti-OA effects by regulating GPX4 to delay ECM degradation. VK2 can inhibit the activation of the MAPK/NFκB signaling pathway caused by reduced expression of intracellular GPX4, thereby decreasing ECM degradation. Additionally, VK2 can reverse the inhibitory effect of RSL3 on GPX4, increase intracellular GSH content and the GSH/GSSG ratio, reduce MDA content, and rescue chondrocyte ferroptosis. The protective mechanism of VK2 may involve its dual-target regulation of GPX4, reducing chondrocyte ferroptosis and inhibiting the MAPK/NFκB signaling pathway to decelerate the degradation of the chondrocyte extracellular matrix.
In biological system, early detection and treatment at the same moment is highly required. For synthetic materials, it is demanding to develop materials that possess self‐reporting of early damage ...and self‐healing simultaneously. This dual function is achieved in this work by introducing an intelligent pH‐responsive coatings based on poly(divinylbenzene)‐graft‐poly(divinylbenzene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PDVB‐graft‐P(DVB‐co‐AA)) core–shell microspheres as smart components of the polymer coatings for corrosion protection. The key component, synthesized PDVB‐graft‐P(DVB‐co‐AA) core–shell microspheres are porous and pH responsive. The porosity allows for encapsulation of the corrosion inhibitor of benzotriazole and the fluorescent probe, coumarin. Both loading capacities can be up to about 15 wt%. The polymeric coatings doped with the synthesized microspheres can adapt immediately to the varied variation in pH value from the electrochemical corrosion reaction and release active molecules on demand onto the damaged cracks of the coatings on metal surfaces. It leads simultaneously to the dual functions of self‐healing and self‐reporting. The corrosion area can be self‐reported in 6 h, while the substrate can be protected at least for 1 month in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. These pH‐responsive materials with self‐reporting and self‐healing dual functions are highly expected to have a bright future due to their smart, long‐lasting, recyclable, and multifunctional properties.
Adaptive polymer coatings on metals can address scientific challenges, such as corrosion detection and self‐healing capability to increase materials durability on metal surfaces. Herein, adaptive polymer coatings on metal surfaces that are capable of self‐reporting and self‐healing dual functions for metal anticorrosion applications are reported.
