With the increasing connectivity employed in automotive systems, remote cyber attacks have now become a possibility and concrete threat. Prior works on automotive cyber security solutions have ...primarily focused evaluation either on real cars or via emulations of electronic control units (ECUs). Evaluation on real cars offers limited flexibility in manoeuvring the packets communicated through in-vehicle network (IVN). Meanwhile, emulations of ECUs rely on assumptions that may not correspond to the exact features in an IVN.
In this paper, we present VitroBench, a comprehensive test platform involving commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) ECUs that allows arbitrary packet control over IVN. In contrast to existing automotive testbed, an appealing feature of VitroBench is that it allows replication of driving use cases and scenarios directly on the testbed involving COTS ECUs. This, in turn, allows us to design and evaluate concrete attacks that are directly related to a driving scenario. We present the design of VitroBench that allows us to sniff, inject packets to and isolate targeted ECU via bridging. The isolation of ECUs also offers fuzzing the respective ECUs. We evaluate the capability of VitroBench via launching concrete attacks and demonstrating the impact of such attacks. We discuss the careful design choices involved in VitroBench that inspire automotive cybersecurity research in future.
This research aims to compare the potential and existing conditions of a small-sized spark ignition (SI) engine with a 1.0-liter capacity suitable for cylinder deactivation. The cylinder deactivation ...strategy is used to solve the issues of inefficient combustion and increased exhaust emission under part loading. Consequently, the possibility of implementing cylinder deactivation in terms of decreased exhaust pollution has been assessed. A computerized, 1.0-liter, 4-stroke, water-cooled, spark-ignition engine with an open engine control unit (ECU) and multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) was used for the trials. Both modes were tested at 2500 revolutions per minute (RPM) under loads of 15, 30, and 45 N-m. The spark plug and fuel injector deactivate the cylinder. The results show that when the highest possible load is used, the peak cylinder pressure is 55.78% higher, and the maximum heat release rate is 53.96% more in the deactivation mode than in the traditional mode. In deactivation mode, the mass fraction consumed is larger at each crank angle point, suggesting a faster rate of combustion and increased combustion efficiency. The increased mean gas temperature permits the catalytic converter to perform more efficiently after downsizing. When compared to the conventional mode, carbon monoxide (CO) emission is almost non-existent at full load, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) is reduced by 92.89%, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are reduced by 35% in the deactivation mode. Furthermore, the experiment indicated that, when employed at part load, the deactivation mode is more beneficial than the standard mode in terms of better combustion stability and lesser emissions.
This paper presents a hardware model of a configurable End-to-End (E2E) communication protection module for automotive sensors which can be integrated in automotive networks composed by electronic ...computing units (ECUs) that run AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture) software applications. By having such an E2E module inside, the automotive sensors will be able to protect the output data by a Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC), so that the data is compliant with communication software modules in AUTOSAR applications. This novel hardware model was developed based on the simplified E2E module for the automotive sensors proposed by the authors in their previous works. The protected data can be transferred by the sensor onto the automotive communication bus (e.g., CAN, LIN, Flexray, etc.) to be utilized by the electronic control units (ECUs) or other systems (e.g., actuators) connected to this bus inside of the road vehicle. The novelty of this work is that the configurable module allows to map (according to the communication matrix of the vehicle) the sensor's output signals inside the communication frame (message). This mapping can be done regardless of the number and size of the signals, if the total length of all signals does not exceed the size of the output message. The design of the configurable E2E communication protection module has been done using Xilinx Vivado tool, while for the validation of the hardware integration, a Xilinx Spartan 7 field programmable gate array (FPGA) electronic device has been used.
Arduino-Based Automotive Diagnostic Tester Marin, A.A.; Preduşcă, G.; Stănescu, C.
The scientific bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty,
06/2024, Letnik:
24, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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The work presented introduces a system that encompasses general notions about the dashboard computer and Arduino platform, used to create an automotive diagnostic tool through the OBDII port. This ...involves establishing a connection between the Arduino platform, a Bluetooth module, and a Bluetooth adapter that communicates with the Engine Control Unit (ECU), transmitting information displayed on an LCD screen. To highlight the system’s performance, a comparison of results was conducted with an authorized automotive tester from an auto service, using two different vehicle models.
The development of technology on the 2-stroke direct-injection spark-ignition engine is expected to be a solution to optimize engine performance and reduce exhaust pollution. The fuel injection ...system in the operation of the spark-ignition engine is controlled by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), so this study aims to design and experiment with a prototype of an Arduino-based direct injection fuel injection electronic control unit for 2-stroke spark-ignition engines. This research method begins with the design of an electronic control unit prototype that is selected for easy setup and low cost. Then, experiments were conducted on variations in injection timing and injection duration, which are the two main parameters of the fuel system to determine their effect on engine performance. This data is then used as a basis for setting the amount of fuel injected. The results show that there is an optimal performance under certain conditions from setting the injection timing and injection duration which is easily applied to the open-source code setting of this electronic control unit.
Evaluation of CAN Bus Security Challenges Bozdal, Mehmet; Samie, Mohammad; Aslam, Sohaib ...
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland),
04/2020, Letnik:
20, Številka:
8
Journal Article
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The automobile industry no longer relies on pure mechanical systems; instead, it benefits from many smart features based on advanced embedded electronics. Although the rise in electronics and ...connectivity has improved comfort, functionality, and safe driving, it has also created new attack surfaces to penetrate the in-vehicle communication network, which was initially designed as a close loop system. For such applications, the Controller Area Network (CAN) is the most-widely used communication protocol, which still suffers from various security issues because of the lack of encryption and authentication. As a result, any malicious/hijacked node can cause catastrophic accidents and financial loss. This paper analyses the CAN bus comprehensively to provide an outlook on security concerns. It also presents the security vulnerabilities of the CAN and a state-of-the-art attack surface with cases of implemented attack scenarios and goes through different solutions that assist in attack prevention, mainly based on an intrusion detection system (IDS).
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•Optimized split injection with RCCI dual-fuel combustion experienced better BTE.•RCCI dual-fuel in optimized split injection showed minimum engine exhaust emissions.•Smoke opacity ...reduced to 15% at 40% of methanol energy share in RCCI dual-fuel mode.•RCCI dual-fuel in optimized split injection exhibited high in-cylinder pressure.
The objective of the present study is to investigate the combined effect of split injection techniques and RCCI-dual-fuel combustion in a single-cylinder CRDI research engine operated with waste cooking oil (WCO) biofuel and methanol. Initially, the tests were conducted at a constant speed of 1500 rpm with three fuel injection pressures (FIP) (20, 35 and 50 MPa) and three fuel injection timings (FIT) (23°, 25° and 27° CA bTDC) for the optimization of injection parameters. Then the split injection mode of combustion under optimized fuel injection conditions has been studied. Finally, with an optimized split injection case, the engine operated under RCCI-dual fuel mode to examine the influence of methanol addition in the combustion chamber was explored. The experimental result shows 32.4% thermal efficiency with the combined mode of split injection strategy and RCCI-dual-fuel combustion (at 20% of methanol energy share). In-cylinder pressure was increased from 50 MPa with static injection timing and pressure (ITP) condition to 53 MPa with optimized injection conditions. A substantial decrease in NOx emission was noticed (8.1 g/kWh at the optimized split injection condition) and further reduced to 6.5 g/kWh with RCCI dual-fuel combustion mode. Moreover, under RCCI-dual-mode, the smoke emission was reduced to 19% from 46% (at static ITP condition).
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