Earth Observation services guarantee continuous land cover mapping and are becoming of great interest worldwide. The Google Earth Engine Dynamic World represents a planetary example. This work aims ...to develop a land cover mapping service in geomorphological complex areas in the Aosta Valley in NW Italy, according to the newest European EAGLE legend starting in the year 2020. Sentinel-2 data were processed in the Google Earth Engine, particularly the summer yearly median composite for each band and their standard deviation with multispectral indexes, which were used to perform a k-nearest neighbor classification. To better map some classes, a minimum distance classification involving NDVI and NDRE yearly filtered and regularized stacks were computed to map the agronomical classes. Furthermore, SAR Sentinel-1 SLC data were processed in the SNAP to map urban and water surfaces to improve optical classification. Additionally, deep learning and GIS updated datasets involving urban components were adopted beginning with an aerial orthophoto. GNSS ground truth data were used to define the training and the validation sets. In order to test the effectiveness of the implemented service and its methodology, the overall accuracy was compared to other approaches. A mixed hierarchical approach represented the best solution to effectively map geomorphological complex areas to overcome the remote sensing limitations. In conclusion, this service may help in the implementation of European and local policies concerning land cover surveys both at high spatial and temporal resolutions, empowering the technological transfer in alpine realities.
Detailed maps are important components of fluvial-geomorphological research, connecting several tools, namely field mapping of presented channel and floodplain forms and the assessment of fluvial ...processes and hydromorphological conditions of current river management. In this paper, we propose a universal map legend for the complex mapping of small stream channels in a detailed scale, which means including both the channel and adjacent floodplain segments. With the help of the symbology we are able to demonstrate both fluvial forms (i.e. individual features, grain size of bed sediments and fluvial deposits) and fluvial processes (i.e. contemporary trends in channels, character of lateral sediment inputs and flow characteristics) in a single map. In total, nearly 150 symbols were proposed and created as a combination of TrueType font and ArcGIS Style files. However, the principle can be used in various software. The work is accompanied by three map examples from the Nízký Jeseník Mts (the Stará Voda Stream) and the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts (the Lubina and Bystrý Streams).
Makowski, C.; Finkl, C.W., and Vollmer, H.M., 2017. Geoform and landform classification of continental shelves using geospatially integrated IKONOS satellite imagery. Geomorphological ...characterization of coastal environments along continental shelves depends on accurate interpretation of mesoscale lithic and clastic benthic geoforms and landforms. Using the Geospatially Integrated Seafloor Classification Scheme (G-ISCS), cognitive visual interpretations of seafloor geoforms and their associated landforms were conducted along a diverse segment of the southeast (SE) Florida continental shelf. GeoEye IKONOS-2 satellite imagery provided the remotely sensed visual medium on which interpretations were based. With ESRI ArcGIS® ArcMap software, classification maps were created from the cognitive interpretations to show spatial distribution results of geoform and landform features throughout the study area. Additionally, smaller-scale “call-out figures” documented specific geomorphological associations among the classified units. Analysis attribute tables compared and contrasted the abundance (i.e. number of classifying vector polygons) and calculated areas for each geoform and landform classified. It was determined that classification of geoform and landform benthic features along continental shelves can be achieved where water clarity conditions allow for the cognitive visual interpretation of such seafloor formations. Future studies may build upon the classification of continental shelf geoforms and landforms to integrate more transient biogeomorphological features of the marine environment (e.g., sediment distribution, biological species identification, density of flora and fauna present), thus creating a more detailed and inclusive classification of a selected coastal region.
Makowski, C.; Finkl, C.W., and Vollmer, H.M., 2016. Classification of continental shelves in terms of geospatially integrated physiographic realms and morphodynamic zones. The continental shelf off ...southeast Florida contains a range of benthic environments that are discernible via remote sensing platforms because of low turbidity in the water column. Using the Geospatially Integrated Seafloor Classification Scheme (G-ISCS), physiographic realms and associated morphodynamic zones were cognitively interpreted and classified at a nominal scale of 1:6000 across four remote sensing platforms (i.e. GeoEye IKONOS-2, Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper TM, Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper ETM, and National Agriculture Imagery Program NAIP high-resolution aerial orthoimagery). Attribute tables were created in conjunction with interpretations to quantify and compare spatial relationships between classificatory units and the different remote sensing platforms. Resultant maps exported from ESRI ArcGIS® ArcMap software showed that while IKONOS-2 satellite imagery and NAIP aerial orthoimagery provided the greatest detail, classification of physiographic realms and morphodynamic zones was still possible using TM and ETM satellite images. Overall, it was determined that IKONOS-2 provided the most beneficial imagery when applying such a classification of coastal and seafloor features. It is postulated that accurate delineation of physiographic realms and morphodynamic zones can provide a foundation for more in-depth biogeomorpholocial classification (e.g., further subdivision into benthic geoforms, coastal landforms, biological cover) along continental shelves.
In the bauxite-bearing area of Jajce (Bosnia & Herzegovina), exploitation of karst bauxite has occurred for more than 40 years, during which time extensive geological and mining research was also ...conducted. Here, the geological map of the Jajce bauxite bearing-area (Bosnia & Herzegovina) at a scale of 1:25.000 is presented, accompanied by a geological column and regional geological cross-sections. The map shows the main stratigraphic and tectonic features and positions of the bauxite deposits of the area. This research area covers 343 km
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, divided into two structural units with four bauxite districts, Liskovica, Bešpelj, Crvene Stijene and Poljane. The Liskovica-Bešpelj structural unit is tectonically very complex, characterized by W-E trending structures in subvertical, vertical and overturned positions. The Crvene Stijene-Poljane structural unit is characterized by gentle folds and normal faults. The geological map summarizes all the available data and represents the necessary basis for further geological and mining research of the area.
Visualization and integration of the marine spatial data collected by various marine sensors and sources is an important factor in the context of marine environment sensing and monitoring. Several ...approaches and techniques of measurements are available to achieve this purpose including direct sampling, airborne and satellite imagery, and underwater acoustics. The paper briefly describes the state-of-the art marine GIS system developed in the Department of Geoinformatics of Gdansk University of Technology, Poland. The proposed system is able to integrate many different types of marine data, especially those acquired by various acoustic sensors like multibeam sonar (MBSS), echosounder and side scan sonars (SSS), and other external sensors such as satellite data receiver, radar, or automated identification of ships (AIS) data analyzer. Instantaneous 2D and 3D visualization is provided by the two components of the system: GeoServer web-based module and a standalone application basing on ESRI ArcGIS Engine solutions.
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