Temeljni cilj rada je da kroz primjer konkretne odluke indicira opći kriterij za primjenu ekonomske analize prava u primjeni europskih pravila o zaštiti tržišnog natjecanja. Rad pruža prikaz presude ...Europskog suda u predmetu United Brands koja je bila važna za interpretativni razvoj pravila o zloupotrebi vladajućeg položaja poduzetnika u pravu tržišnog natjecanja Europske unije. Odluka je prikazana kroz analitičke korake koji se inače primjenjuju u primjeni europskih pravila o zaštiti tržišnog natjecanja pa rad može poslužiti i u didaktičke svrhe. Indicirani opći kriterij za primjenu ekonomske analize prava emanacija je raspravnog načela iz procesnog prava.
Sadržaj rada objedinjuje proračunske postupke i računalne algoritme namjenski izrađene u svrhu rješavanja optimizacijskog problema u okviru kojih je za relativno veliki broj zadanih ulaznih parametra ...potrebno odabrati optimalni materijal ukopanih cijevi obzirom na kriterije postavljene od strane tehničkih uvjeta, ali istovremeno i ekonomskih uvjeta koji je odnose na rentabilnost investicije sagledane u projektiranom periodu eksploatacije odnosno vijeka građevine. U tu svrhu je u prvom redu potrebno problem postaviti u okvir stohastičke analize unutar koje se svi relevantni parametri zadaju u obliku funkcija gustoća vjerojatnosti. Navedeno vodi prema primjeni klasične Monte-Carlo metode, ali za razmatrani mehanički sustav ne smije ostati na tome jer je razmatrani mehanički sustav u statističkom smislu okarakteriziran kao sustav male vjerojatnosti otkazivanja. Kako bi se pritom omogućila stohastička analiza ovakvog sustava, potrebno je primijeniti Subset metodu koja uvodi prijelazne kriterije otkazivanja i konačnu vjerojatnost otkazivanja kvantificira putem postupka u kojem su ulazne veličine sukcesivno adaptiraju putem Markovljevih lanaca i primjenom modificiranog Metropolis–Hastings algoritma. Kriteriji otkazivanja uključuju koroziju stijenke cijevi, defleksijski pomak tjemena cijevi, izvijanje stijenke cijevi, prekoračenje granice popuštanja cijevnog materijala te prekoračenje kritičnog naprezanja prilikom savijanja cijevi. Ekonomska analiza slijedi nakon analize vjerojatnosti otkazivanja te je sve navedeno na kraju rada primijenjeno na ilustrativnom primjeru.
Solarni fotonaponski (FN) sustavi koji služe za proizvodnju električne energije za rad crpnih stanica koje crpe vodu koriste se oko 50 godina. U pravilu, takvi sustavi sastoje se od FN generatora, ...crpne stanice i vodospreme. Njihovo korištenje je u pravilu opravdano s ekološkog i društvenog stajališta, no ne i u potpunosti s ekonomskog stajališta. Međutim, ovakvi sustavi su jedina opcija koja se može koristiti u izoliranim i udaljenim područjima. Veliki nedostatak ovakvih sustava je mogućnost zatajenja uslijed pojave nedovoljne jakosti i intenziteta sunčevog zračenja. U ovom je radu korištena Metoda kritičnog perioda (MKP), osmišljena upravo radi otklanjanja navedenog problema. Uz navedeno, u radu je naglasak na ekonomskoj analizi u svrhu dokaza održivosti, odnosno prikaza ekonomske bilance Urbanog vodoopskrbnog sustava (UVS), dimenzioniranog metodom MKP. Ekonomska analiza je izvršena korištenjem Life Cycle Costs (LCC) analize za sve dobivene varijante UVS-a pokretanog FN energijom. Zaključeno je da FN energija ima opravdanu mogućnost korištenja u UVS-u, pri čemu se korištenjem MKP postiže održivost.
U radu je napravljena analiza komercijalnih višegodišnjih nasada u razdoblju od dvije godine. Najveću poljoprivrednu površinu posjeduju gospodarstva u tipu maslinarstva, dok ona u tipu vinogradarstvo ...i vinarstvo imaju najmanju površinu. Gospodarstva u tipu vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo prosječno imaju najveću vrijednost biljne proizvodnje, uz najveći iznos varijabilnog troška. Najveći iznos ukupnih potpora (bez investicijskih) dobila su gospodarstva u tipu maslinarstva, koja ujedno imaju najniži iznos doprinosa pokrića i neto prihoda. Najekonomičnije posluju gospodarstva u tipu vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo, dok ona u tipu voćarstvo imaju najniži koeficijent ekonomičnosti i ujedno su najzaduženija.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- The first major change within the TV system since the introduction of color
is the digitalization of television terrestrial ...broadcast network. The
digital switchover is one of the main challenges in video and audio
technology developments and it is going to happen in the very near future
throughout the world. Besides the severe technical requirements, this process
is driven by significant financial investments, regarding to an enormous
number of standard TV sets and widespread broadcast networks. Consequently,
it is necessary, wherever is possible in distribution network, to ensure the
compatibility with existing systems. On the contrary, digitization of
high-resolution video and audio signals needs highly sophisticated algorithms
with high compression and very efficient transmission technology. There are
three international standards currently used world-wide for digital
terrestrial broadcasting - Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) used
in North America and South Korea, Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial
(DVB-T) used apart from Europe in Australia, India and some other Asian and
African countries, Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial
(ISDB-T), used in Japan and South America. The focus of this dissertation is
the performance analysis and efficiency estimation method applied to the
technologies for fixed reception used in our region – Europe. The three main
transmission systems for delivering TV service to end-users are satellite,
cable and terrestrial networks. The digital terrestrial television (DTT)
system is capable of distribution of television content even to the mobile
devices. Data-casting services and high-definition (HD) television content is
available via digital satellite and digital cable networks but, until now,
terrestrial users have not received data and HD content because its
transmission requires a higher channel capacity than that used for standard
definition (SD) TV - Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T) and
Moving Picture Expert Group MPEG-2 coding and compression standard. The
latest technologies, like compression standard MPEG-4 part 10 and the second
generation of digital terrestrial broadcasting standard (DVB-T2), provide
increased capacity and ruggedness in the terrestrial transmission networks.
But besides technical benefits it is evident that the latest technologies
bring also a higher system cost. The viability of digital broadcasting
business case is directly influenced by this techno-economic issue. This
dissertation introduces a multidisciplinary approach to the problem, and take
into account the cost and revenue items when evaluate the implementation of
new technology. Therefore, this dissertation develops a method of estimating
the benefits of digital dividend gained by using new (DVB-T2 and MPEG-4 part
10) technologies compared to traditional digital technologies (DVB-T and
MPEG-2). The infrastructure of digital terrestrial broadcasting system that
uses the latest technologies is capable to introduce the broadband services
to un-served or under-served regions and upgrade networks to very-high-speed
access. The dissertation emphasise also the broader economic impact of the
digital broadcasting technologies implementation. The broadband penetration
in any country could be increased by using the digital dividend for new
services. There is a clear relationship between broadband penetration and GDP
per capita. Because of the nature of VHF/UHF broadcast system the broadband
service could be offered to almost the whole population of the country
(depends on the coverage rules). The access network is already in place;
there is a need only for TV antenna on the rooftop. The results of the
analysis for Serbia shows that the DVB-T/T2 service availability of over 90%
of the population implicates the increase of GDP per capita for around 5%, if
new service is provided using public-service broadcaster network. In this
dissertation the aim of the digital broadcasting strategy is the maximization
of the digital dividend benefits. The best results are achieved by using such
elements as the efficient compression standard that decrease the bit rate for
one TV program, the efficient transmission technology that increase the
capacity within one UHF channel and the network architecture that insert the
large number of local TV programs. After the detailed analysis and comparison
of compression (MPEG-2 and MPEG-4) and specially transmission technologies
(DVB-T and DVB-T2) the appropriate conclusions are derived. It is well known
that for the same quality of video signal MPEG-4 compression can achieve with
the half of the bit rate compared to MPEG-2 compression standard. More
important and detailed analysis, the analysis of transmission system, showed
that the second-generation digital terrestrial broadcast technology, DVB-T2,
achieves higher efficiency in its use of terrestrial spectrum, compared to
DVB-T. It is also concluded that the DVB-T2 is considerably more robust than
previous DVB-T, due to several important new technological features explained
in the dissertation. For instance, if the spectral efficiency of Ricean
channel is compared by keeping the equal signal-to-noise ratio for both
standards (Quasi Error Free - QEF quality), in realistic situations with
DVB-T2 the bit rate is increased by around 70%. If the robustness of the
Ricean channel is compared by keeping approximately the equal bit rate for
both standards, QEF quality DVB-T2 standard can achieve with around 8 dB
lower signal-to-noise ratio. The network architecture with the local TV
program insertion is the third element for maximizing digital dividend. Three
IP/MPLS based architecture models are proposed. The key parameters evaluation
(local content offer, regional complexity, video transport capacity, digital
dividend) of proposed models ended with conclusion that the model with local
insertion of local content is the best solution. Modern principles of
management in strategic planning lead this research to not only technology
analysis but also economic and market aspects that in information and
communication technologies play more often the key role in decision making
process. After the research is done, one solution for the problem of the
digital broadcasting technologies selection was developed. The solution for
finding the most efficient technology uses mathematical model and
incorporates technical and commercial parameters as well as market dependant
aspects. By using this simulation model it is possible to comprehensively
value the system and precisely evaluate the effects of digital dividend. The
algorithm of techno-economic analysis consists of four phases: problem
analysis, modeling, model evaluation and model refining. The goal of this
research is accomplished by the development of the simulation model through
mentioned four phases. The simulation model is developed in the form of
mathematical equations. The algorithm of techno-economic analysis is executed
by successive calculations of the equations. This dissertation analyses the
technical parameters for deploying the latest broadcast technologies and
proposes a model that evaluates the economic efficiency of the latest
broadcast technologies that appear primarily in two combinations,
MPEG-4/DVB-T and MPEG-4/DVB-T2. In the model the economic efficiency is
calculated as the break-even point, the point in the time line where the
profit is achieved. Before break-even point the revenue from services enabled
by new technologies is lower than the cost of the system. This basic
simulation model is simple and flexible. The basic model is applied to the
Serbian broadcast market. If MPEG-4 and DVB-T2 standards are used, the
results from simulation show that the broadcast network profitability could
be achieved: in less than three years for one multiplex system or immediately
for multiple-multiplex system. After the evaluation of the basic model the
conclusion is that there are more realistic scenarios, primarily for the
revenue sources. The model is improved and refined by comparing directly
DVB-T2 and DVB-T (applying only MPEG-4 compression), applying the model to
multiple multiplex scenario (not one multiplex scenario for which the basic
model was originally developed), estimating PayTV service acceptance rate by
Bass Diffusion Model (instead wholesale Internet access service as the
revenue source) and evaluating the break-even point for the overall
investment in DVB-T2 broadcasting infrastructure (not the cost difference
between two combinations of technologies), based on the revenue from capacity
gain due to DVB-T2 technology improvements. The application of Bass Diffusion
Model to PayTV service within DVB-T2 system is very important component of
this improved model. The improved model is applied to the Serbian broadcast
market. The results from simulation show that if for the revenue we use only
PayTV service, the DVB-T2 broadcast network profitability could be achieved
in approximately three years if four multiplexes/RF channels are used, or
even faster (two years) - depending on the market situation. With the further
refinement of the improved model, if for the revenue we use PayTV service and
the frequency spectrum auction (digital dividend spectrum sold for the
purpose of broadband mobile services) at the same time, for more than four
multiplexes the profitability is achieved immediately. The simulation model
could be applied to any network operator with different technical, market and
commercial values of the parameters, as well as with different parameters of
Bass diffusion model and regulatory framework of spectrum auction for
different countries.- Digitalizacija zemaljskog emitovanja televizijskih programa prva je velika
promena u TV sistemima još od uvođenja kolor televizije. Prelazak sa
analognog na digitalno emitovanje predstavlja jedan od najvećih izazova
TEORIJA IGARA I PRAVO Bojanic, Ivana Barkovic
Pravni vjesnik,
04/2013, Letnik:
29, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
The game theory represents a mathematical theory and methodology which is used for solving conflicting and partly conflicting situations in which individuals have conflicting interests. Considering ...situations in which two or more subjects make decisions in the conditions of interest conflict has been named the theory of game because the typical examples of such situations represent various types of social games, such as the chess, card games, sport games, etc. Even tough most of the notions used in the game theory resemble the terminology of social games, the game theory has much broader use and it is used for modeling conflicting situations in the mathematics, military strategy, politics, economics, etc. The concepts of game theory have been increasingly used in the law. The purpose of this paper is to present the game theory and show how this mathematical theory can be used for the purpose of legal decision making. The particular emphasis is placed on the prisoner's dilemma as one of the most popular and most used models of game theory and its application in selected branches of law. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
U radu se razmatra problematika sudskog nadzora u postupcima za zaštitu tržišnog natjecanja. Analiziraju se procesnopravna pitanja i druge posebnosti upravnog spora u predmetima za zaštitu tržišnog ...natjecanja u odnosu na “klasični” upravni spor. Polemizira se o standardu upravnosudske zaštite u navedenim postupcima te ulozi i zadaći Visokog upravnog suda. Provodi se poredbena analiza upravnosudske zaštite u istim vrstama sporova u pravu EU-a, njemačkom i slovenskom pravu, kako bi se utvrdilo u kojoj su mjeri domaći model upravnosudske zaštite i pravni standardi sudske zaštite kompatibilni rješenjima usvojenim u poredbenim zakonodavstvima. Upozorava se na problematična i sporna rješenja domaćeg zakonodavstva. Zaključno se predlažu zakonodavne mjere koje treba poduzeti kako bi se unaprijedila kvaliteta sudskog nadzora u domaćem pravu.
Suvremeno upravljanje vodama sadržava zahtjeve za utvrđivanjem značajki osnovnih jedinica za upravljanje slivovima, uključujući pregled utjecaja ljudskih djelatnosti na stanje voda. Razgraničenje ...utjecaja od točkastih i raspršenih izvora onečišćenja posebno je složen zadatak. U radu se detaljnije opisuju opterećenja voda i analiziraju karakteristični metodološki pristupi kontroli izvora onečišćenja koji za cilj imaju smanjenje utjecaja na vodni okoliš, što se ostvaruje utvrđivanjem i provedbom sveobuhvatnog programa mjera. Naglašava se potreba osiguranja sudjelovanja raznih korisnika voda u provedbi mjera za smanjenje utjecaja na vodni okoliš, uzimajući u obzir načelo korisnik/onečišćivač plaća, što predstavlja poticaj korisnicima za učinkovito korištenje vodnih resursa.
Predmet ovoga znanstvenog rada je analiza utjecaja promjene popunjenosti skladišnog kapaciteta broda na optimalni kapacitet i razmatrane ekonomske pokazatelje feeder broda. Rezultati istraživanja ...pružaju brodarskom poduzeću mogućnost da u skladu s novonastalim ili pretpostavljenim poslovnim prilikama na određenoj liniji poduzme odgovarajuće poslovne poteze s ciljem povećanja efikasnosti pomorskoprijevozne usluge.
Korištenjem modela za određivanje optimalnog kapaciteta feeder broda u radu je izvedena analiza utjecaja promjene količine tereta na relaciji između luke Rijeke kao regionalne hub luke i mogućih perifernih luka, Zadra, Splita i Ploča na optimalni kapacitet feeder broda koji bi opsluživao pretpostavljeni feeder servis. Ujedno je primjenom navedenog modela određen trend kretanja vrijednosti ekonomskih pokazatelja (rentabilnosti i ekonomičnosti) za prethodno definirani optimalni kapacitet na razmatranom plovidbenom pravcu. Također, primjenom modela u radu je izvedena i prikazana analiza promjene kapaciteta uslijed smanjenja omjera količine jediničnog tereta i skladišnog kapaciteta broda.
Cilj rada je predstaviti matematički aparat koji se koristi u razvijenom modelu materijalno-ekonomske analize vijeka trajanja elektroenergetske tehnologije koja u obzir uzima čimbenike kao što su: ...ulazni podaci o materijalu u različitim fazama (izgradnja, rad i zbrinjavanje) vijeka trajanja elektroenergetske tehnologije, opterećenje okoliša, troškovi izgradnje, troškovi goriva, troškovi održavanja, izravni i neizravni troškovi za zaštitu okoliša, prihodi od prodaje. Štoviše, u ovom radu su izračunati interna stopa povrata (IRR), neto sadašnja vrijednost (NPV) i točka pokrića (BEP), kao i ekvivalentni jedinični trošak proizvodnje električne energije (COE) i ekvivalentni jedinični trošak proizvodnje toplinske energije (COH).
Rezultati simulacije bit će predstavljeni za dvije elektroenergetske tehnologije s niskim emisijama, nuklearnom elektranom i plinsko-parnom elektranom.
