From a Nobel Prize–winning pioneer in environmental economics, an innovative account of how and why "green thinking" could cure many of the world's most serious problems—from global warming to ...pandemics Solving the world's biggest problems—from climate catastrophe and pandemics to wildfires and corporate malfeasance—requires, more than anything else, coming up with new ways to manage the powerful interactions that surround us. For carbon emissions and other environmental damage, this means ensuring that those responsible pay their full costs rather than continuing to pass them along to others, including future generations. In The Spirit of Green, Nobel Prize–winning economist William Nordhaus describes a new way of green thinking that would help us overcome our biggest challenges without sacrificing economic prosperity, in large part by accounting for the spillover costs of economic collisions.In a discussion that ranges from the history of the environmental movement to the Green New Deal, Nordhaus explains how the spirit of green thinking provides a compelling and hopeful new perspective on modern life. At the heart of green thinking is a recognition that the globalized world is shaped not by isolated individuals but rather by innumerable interactions inside and outside the economy. He shows how rethinking economic efficiency, sustainability, politics, profits, taxes, individual ethics, corporate social responsibility, finance, and more would improve the effectiveness and equity of our society. And he offers specific solutions—on how to price carbon, how to pursue low-carbon technologies, how to design an efficient tax system, and how to foster international cooperation through climate clubs.The result is a groundbreaking new vision of how we can have our environment and our economy too.
Iznoseći pregled pravnih akata čija rješenja, kao rezultat aktivnih klimatsko-pomorskih politika na europskoj i globalnoj razini, jamče smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova u pomorskom prometu – ...autorica ukazuje na značaj rješenja o uvođenju obveznih, globalnih, minimalnih standarda energetske učinkovitosti brodova u međunarodnoj plovidbi. Osnovno polazište ovog istraživanja čini analiza Pravila 22A izmijenjenog Priloga VI. Konvencije MARPOL kojim se uspostavlja pravni okvir obveznog globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o potrošnji loživih ulja na brodovima (IMO DCS), a prema kojemu su, od 1. siječnja 2019. godine, brodari dužni prikupljati podatke o potrošnji goriva za brodove iznad 5000 BT u međunarodnoj pomorskoj plovidbi te izvještavati o potrošnji goriva od ožujka 2020. godine. U radu se posebna pozornost posvećuje analizi regulatorne aktivnosti europskog zakonodavstva iz 2019. godine u odnosu na Prijedlog Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 i nastojanja ostvarivanja potpune usklađenosti europskog i globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o emisijama i potrošnji goriva na brodovima, a u cilju smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova iz pomorskog prometa. U središtu pozornosti su pitanja ocjene uspješnosti usklađivanja rješenja Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 s globalnim sustavom IMO DCS prema Prijedlogu Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 iz 2019. godine.
Presenting an overview of legal acts whose solutions, as a result of active climate and maritime policies at European and global level, guarantee the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport - the author points out the importance of the decision on the introduction of mandatory, global, minimum energy efficiency standards for ships in international shipping. The basic starting point of this research is the analysis of Rule 22A of amended Annex VI. MARPOL Convention which establishes a legal framework for the mandatory global data collection system for fuel oil consumption of ships (IMO DCS), according to which, from 1 January 2019, shipowners are required to collect fuel oil consumption data for ships above 5,000 GT and above in international shipping and to report on fuel oil consumption as of March 2020. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the regulatory activity of the European legislation of 2019 in relation to the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 and the efforts to achieve full harmonisation of the European and global system of collecting data on emissions and fuel oil consumption on ships, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport. The focus is on the assessment of the effectiveness of aligning the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 with the global IMO DCS system under the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 from 2019.
O razlozima iseljavanja iz Hrvatske do sada se najčešće pisalo s aspekta
politike useljavanja u pojedine države, a manje politike iseljavanja iz
domovine. Ovim se radom stoga žele pokazati razvojne ...faze iseljeničkoga
režima u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji/Hrvatskoj, što će se pratiti preko
angažmana mjerodavnih institucija u Hrvatskoj s posebnim naglaskom na ulogu Komisije za iseljenička pitanja. U analizi će poslužiti fondovi Hrvatskoga državnog arhiva vezani uz institucije (uprava i javne službe), pisma iseljenika za emisiju Radio-televizije Zagreb „Našim građanima u svijetu”, kao i anketni upitnici radnika na privremenom radu
u Saveznoj Republici Njemačkoj. Na temelju navedenih izvora želi se dokazati da se vlast u socijalističkoj Hrvatskoj brinula o sudbini iseljenika i povratnika, ali i radnih migranata (gastarbajtera), otvarajući prostor za ono što danas nazivamo javno-privatnim partnerstvom u pružanju usluga migrantima.
The reasons for emigration from Croatia have thus far been analysed mostly from the aspect of immigration policy, but less often from the aspect of the policies of emigration to individual countries. Therefore, it was not even possible to monitor the continuity of Croatian policy towards the emigration, whose connections with previous periods significantly influenced the phases of emigration and return of the population in the socialist period. Precisely for this reason, the aim of this paper is to present a broader picture of the reaction of socialist Yugoslavia/Croatia to the emigration and the return of the population in the period from 1945 to 1970. This was monitored through the reactions of the government and the administrative apparatus (institutions and legislation), with special reference to the involvement of relevant institutions (administrations and public services) in Croatia, which played a key role in organising activities related to emigration and return. Among them, the Commission for Emigrant Issues stood out the most, having one of the more complex roles related to emigration/return observed through its scope, adopting normative acts, and cooperating with other institutions in Croatia (Croatian Heritage Foundation, Radio-Television Zagreb, Institute for Migration, Section of Social Psychology, University of Zagreb). Of particular interest was the cooperation with the last on the development of an emigrant survey, which was the beginning of sociological, economic, and socio-psychological research on the phenomenon of work outside the homeland (or guest worker experience). Based on the analysis, we prove that the government in socialist Croatia cared about the fate of emigrants and returnees by making room for what we now call public-private partnerships in providing services to emigrants—in other words, that emigration policy played an important role in building a welfare state in Yugoslavia/Croatia. Therefore, the approach to the topic was based on works in the field of social policy, while the analysis was made using the funds of the Croatian State Archives related to institutions (administrations and public services), letters from emigrants for the Radio-Television Zagreb show To Our Citizens in the World, and survey questionnaires for temporary workers in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Istraživački radovi o sustavima obnovljivih izvora energije za elektrifikaciju sela vrlo su intenzivni posljednjih godina. U udaljenim područjima neka su sela još uvijek izvan dosega električne ...energije jer je nemoguće povezivanje mrežnog sustava. U svijetu oko dvadeset posto svjetske populacije živi bez struje. Za poboljšanje ruralnog življenja, uporaba zelenih izvora energije obuhvaća veću mogućnost zapošljavanja, energetsku sigurnost i smanjenje učinaka staklenika. Konvencionalna metoda lokalne proizvodnje koristi dizel generator koji nije prihvatljiv za okoliš. Biogoriva su optimistični izbor za ispunjavanje ovog zahtjeva. Biodizel je obnovljivi izvor koji ima gotovo jednaku učinkovitost kao i konvencionalni petrodizel. Ovaj rad pokusno istražuje mješavine biodizela (dizel + biodizel) dobivene od nejestivih ulja kao alternativni izvor energije za pogon dizelskog generatora. U ovoj studiji se uzima u obzir sedam metilnih estera ekstrahiranih iz nejestivih ulja pongamije (indijske breze), jatrobe (jatrophe), mahuae, mesua ferrae (nageškara), sjemenki lana, neema (nim drveta) i sjemenki pamuka. Performanse generatora kao što su regulacija napona, frekvencija, potrošnja goriva, učinkovitost i emisijske značajke nalaze se u različitim uvjetima opterećenja. Na temelju opažanja, nađeno je da je ulje pongamije dobro alternativno gorivo za proizvodnju električne energije.
Mehanizam za ugljičnu prilagodbu na granicama (CBAM) je mjera Europske unije usmjerena na zaštitu okoliša, s uključenim glavnim ciljem u vidu smanjenja rizika od izmještanja CO2 putem uvođenja ...naknade na određenu uvoznu robu, a kojom se preciznije odražava sadržaj CO2 u uvoznoj robi. Izmještanje CO2 je praksa poslovanja slijedom koje se vrši nabava jeftinijih dobara iz regija na čijem području su na snazi manje restriktivni propisi, ili se odvija premještanje poslovnih subjekata iz Europske unije u inozemstvo iz istih razloga, tj. blažih ekoloških standarda. Krajnji cilj mehanizma je zaustavljanje povećanja globalnih emisija ili u najboljoj varijanti, smanjenje istih. Cilj rada je analiza učinka CBAM-a na deset zemalja s najvećim emisijama CO2 na svijetu, te na deset zemalja najvećih bruto izvoznica emisija u Europsku uniju. U radu se objašnjava Mehanizam za ugljičnu prilagodbu na granicama te se pruža sažeti prikaz slijeda razvoja zakonodavne regulative na razini Europske unije. Također, u radu se analizira utjecaj CBAM-a na gospodarstvo Hrvatske.
The paper considers the energy position of negative ions of impurity atoms in the band gap of a semiconductor. Owing to the Boltzmann law, the energy levels of negative ions in the vicinity of the ...conduction band supply electrons to the conduction band, while resonance exchange of electrons occurs from the energy levels of negative ions in the vicinity of the allowed terms of the atoms of the main crystal. It is shown how energy band diagrams of n-conductivity and р-conductivity are formed. The applied external electric field acts oppositely on the impurities located in the vicinity of the conduction band and on those located in the vicinity of the allowed energy levels of the atoms of the main crystal. Impurity conductivity is determined by dielectric permittivity formed by the induced electric dipole moments of negative ions. / В запрещенной зоне полупроводника рассматривается энергетическое положение отрицательных ионов примесных атомов. Уровни энергий отрицательных ионов вблизи зоны проводимости вследствие закона Больцмана поставляют электроны в зону проводимости, а с уровней энергий отрицательных ионов вблизи разрешенных термов атомов основного кристалла происходит резонансный обмен электронами. В работе представлено, как формируются энергетические схемы n-проводимости и р-проводимости. Приложенное внешнее электрическое поле действует взаимопротивоположно на примеси вблизи зоны проводимости и вблизи разрешенных уровней энергий атомов основного кристалла. Примесная электропроводность определяется диэлектрической проницаемостью, которая формируется наведенными дипольными электрическими моментами отрицательных ионов. / Rad se bavi energetskom pozicijom negativnih jona atoma primesa u energetskim procepima poluprovodnika. Zahvaljujući Bolcmanovom zakonu, energetski nivoi negativnih jona u blizini provodne zone snabdevaju provodnu zonu elektronima, dok do rezonantne razmene elektrona dolazi iz pravca energetskih nivoa negativnih jona u blizini dozvoljenih termina atoma glavnog kristala. Pokazano je kako dolazi do stvaranja dijagrama energetskih zona provodljivosti N-tipa i P-tipa. Primenjeno spoljašnje električno polje deluje suprotno na primese koje se nalaze u blizini dozvoljenih energetskih nivoa atoma glavnog kristala. Provodljivost primesa određuje se pomoću dielektrične permitivnosti koja se formira usled indukovanog električnog dipolnog momenta negativnih jona.
Cres-Lošinj Archipelago is the largest insular traffic unit in Northern Adriatic. The archipelago consists of two large islands, Cres and Lošinj, and 27 smaller islands located among Kvarner, ...Kvarnerić, Rijeka Bay and open sea. From the point of view of traffic, this area gravitates mostly toward Rijeka traffic node. Traffic development of the islands was determined in the second half of the 20th century with the development of ferry traffic and road traffic on the islands. Today, the Archipelago is characterized by prominent seasonal variations of road traffic intensity due to dominant role of tourism in space valorisation. This research included partial determination of Ecological Footprint of road traffic on the islands on the basis of CO2 emission and capacity of insular surfaces to absorb CO2 .The author also created a model for calculating road mileage on the islands and indirectly calculated CO2 emission. The results indicated significant seasonal variations of CO2 emission on the islands, which are closely related to tourist valorisation of space and the number of non-residential vehicles on the islands. The paper also provides the ratio between residential and non-residential vehicles on the island, which influence the emission in accordance with their energy efficiency. The research showed that the capacity of CO2 absorption on Cres-Lošinj Archipelago is approximately 40 times greater than CO2 emission from road traffic during one year.
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