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Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Both shorthand (stenography) and planned language serve to ease the burden on the human mind.Shorthand makes a short written fixation of speech possible, while international planned languages ...facilitate communication among people speaking different languages. For this reason, well-known shorthand systems (among others those by de Brabbee, Duploye, Gabelsberger, Groote, vonKunowski, Pitman, Roller, Scheithauer, Schrey, Stolze as well as the Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift German Unified Shorthand) have frequently been adapted to planned language, especially to Esperanto, but also to Volapük, Ido and Occidental-Interlingue. About 60 per cent of all registered adaptations appeared between 1899 and 1933.The planned language stenographers founded organizations, edited stenographic periodicals, took down conference papers in shorthand and organized competitions, most of which were won by a single man, the German Robert Kreuz (1894–1936).Of special significance to the history of Esperanto and simultaneously of shorthand was the German Albert Schramm (1880–1937). In 1908 he founded the Saksa Esperanto-Instituto (Saxon EsperantoInstitute; now the Germana Esperanto-Instituto). From 1904 to 1913 Schramm worked as a librarian for the Königlich-Sächsisches Stenographisches Institut (Saxon Royal Stenographic Institute), which held the largest collection of printed works worldwide as early as in 1911. The Saxon State and University Library presently maintains this leading position. Comprehensive bibliographies and a graphical supplement are to support the orientation to the branch.
During the First World War, the Internacia Bulteno (International Bulletin) was founded in Berlin as an information service that wanted to report abroad on the war in Esperanto from a German ...perspective. With this purpose in mind, official reports of the government and the Supreme Army Command on the course of the war, war targets and diplomatic initiatives were translated, printed by an Esperanto publisher in Dresden and distributed by post. The recipients were not asked to pay for it, but the hope was that the information would be passed to acquaintances and put at the press's disposal via translation. Apart from very few exceptions, such as Zamenhof's death in 1917, Esperanto topics were not dealt with. The Berlin publisher Friedrich Ellersiek had succeeded in receiving financial means for this endeavour in October 1914 from the Zentralnachrichtenstelle (Central News Centre), whose task it was to present the official German perspective abroad in various foreign languages. Until the end of the war, up to two issues per month appeared in the format of the journal Germana Esperantisto, mostly with a photograph on the front page and further pictorial material on inside pages. The attempt to continue the Internacia Bulteno as an international journal after the war was not successful. Answers to readers' letters give an impression of the range of the Internacia Bulteno; they came mainly from neutral foreign countries.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
Contact author: Andrzej Wincewicz, Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland. E-mail: ...andwinc{at}gmail.com .
Purpose: To reconstruct the biography of the Polish otorhinolaryngologist Leon Zamenhof (1875–1934), a brother of Ludwik Zamenhof, who is famous for invention of the international language Esperanto.
Method: Biographical information was collected from pre-World War II resources.
Results: Zamenhof developed several important new forms of treatment to help the hearing impaired. Zamenhof was especially interested in the education of deaf children and the therapy necessary to facilitate their integration into society. His significant achievements were a phonetic method of therapy for the hearing impaired and an automatic device for ear insufflation that was considered indispensable in the management of pyorrhea. In addition, Zamenhof initiated various forms of social support among physicians within the medical community of Warsaw, Poland; made health care available to children with hearing impairments; and organized a Jewish school for deaf children. Zamenhof tried to change public attitudes toward deafness, working to promote the integration of the deaf into wider society. He also translated Polish literature into Esperanto.
Conclusions: With similar aims to his brother Ludwik, Leon Zamenhof strived to enhance and broaden communication among people who could not hear and to persuade people to change their attitudes about deafness.
Key Words: deafness, hearing, otolaryngology, Esperanto, social medicine
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Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
