This article presents an overarching review of the evidence regarding enterprise diversity. It discusses the context of ethnic minorities and women in enterprise and summarises research evidence ...relating to their relative access to finance, market selection and management skills. Policy within the field of diversity and enterprise is characterised by a number of tensions and unresolved questions including the presence of perceived or actual discrimination, the quantity and quality of ethnic minority and women-led businesses, potential market failure in the support provided to diverse enterprises and the substantive uniqueness of ethnic minority and women-led enterprises. Particular implications for policy and practice as well as directions for future research are discussed.
•Describes a theory of motivation based on causal thinking.•Discusses what is unique about this theory and its application to real-world motivational concerns.•Outlines and intrapersonal and an ...interpersonal theory of motivation.
Attribution theory is concerned with the perceived causes of success and failure. The main principles of the theory are reviewed, with a focus on both antecedents and consequences of perceived causality. Among the antecedents or determinants of attributions discussed are teacher behaviors, such as praise and blame that can indirectly function as a low ability cue. Consequences are reviewed in light of three properties or dimensions of causes: locus, stability, and controllability. Each dimension is uniquely linked to particular psychological and behavioral outcomes; empirical evidence in support of each causal dimension-consequence linkage is presented. A unique contribution of attribution theory is that it addresses the antecedents and consequences of both intrapersonal attributions (how one perceives the self) and interpersonal attributions (how one perceives other people). Directions for future research are discussed, including more attention to innovative methods for studying attributions, multi- pronged and multi-level intervention approaches that include an attributional component, and incorporating race/ethnicity into the attributional model.
Using toponym data, population data, and night-time light data, we visualized the development index of the Yi, Wa, Zhuang, Naxi, Hani, and Dai ethnic groups on ArcGIS as well as the distribution of ...25 ethnic minorities in the study area. First, we extracted the toponym data of 25 ethnic minorities in the study area, combined with night-time light data and the population proportion data of each ethnic group, then we obtained the development index of each ethnic group in the study area. We compared the development indexes of the Yi, Wa, Zhuang, Naxi, Hani, and Dai ethnic groups with higher development indexes. The results show that the Yi nationality’s development index was the highest, reaching 28.86 (with two decimal places), and the Dai nationality’s development index was the lowest (15.22). The areas with the highest minority development index were concentrated in the core area of the minority development, and the size varied with the minority’s distance. According to the distribution of ethnic minorities, we found that the Yi ethnic group was distributed in almost the entire study area, while other ethnic minorities had obvious geographical distribution characteristics, and there were multiple ethnic minorities living together. This research is of great significance to the cultural protection of ethnic minorities, the development of ethnic minorities, and the remote sensing mapping of lights at night.
The authors review research that has used social cognitive career theory as a frame to investigate factors that may explain science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) choices and work ...decisions for women and racial–ethnic minorities, as well as barriers to their entry to STEM careers. The research is reviewed by age-groups. Most of this research has focused on factors associated with early choices (e.g., in high school and younger), but more recent work has focused on choices in college and in the workplace, particularly for women. The authors conclude with a critique and call for more research.
This review assessed the efficacy of adapted psychological interventions for Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups. A conceptual typology was developed based on adaptations reported in the ...literature, drawing on the common factors model, competence frameworks and distinctions between types of cultural adaptations. These distinctions were used to explore the efficacy of different adaptations in improving symptoms of a range of mental health problems for minority groups. Bibliographic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, HMIC, ASSIA, CENTRAL, CDSR and CINAHL spanned the period from 1965 to December 2020. Adaptations to interventions were categorised: i) treatment specific: therapist-related, ii) treatment-specific: content-related and iii) organisation-specific. Meta-analyses of RCTs found a significant effect on symptom reduction when adapted interventions were compared to non-adapted active treatments (K = 30, Hedge's g = -0.43 95% CI: -0.61, -0.25, p < .001). Studies often incorporated multiple adaptations, limiting the exploration of the comparative effectiveness of different adaptation types, although inclusion of organisation-specific adaptations may be associated with greater benefits. Future research, practitioner training and treatment and service development pertaining to adapted care for minority groups may benefit from adopting the conceptual typology described.
•Ethnic minority groups benefit from adapted psychological interventions•Identifying the most efficacious adaptation types is challenging•Services might consider organisation-specific adaptations•Consistency is needed in the definitions of cultural adaptations
Objective
To examine the effectiveness of current community‐based participatory research (CBPR) clinical trials involving racial and ethnic minorities.
Data Source
All published peer‐reviewed CBPR ...intervention articles in PubMed and CINAHL databases from January 2003 to May 2010.
Study Design
We performed a systematic literature review.
Data Collection/Extraction Methods
Data were extracted on each study's characteristics, community involvement in research, subject recruitment and retention, and intervention effects.
Principle Findings
We found 19 articles meeting inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 were published from 2007 to 2010. Articles described some measures of community participation in research with great variability. Although CBPR trials examined a wide range of behavioral and clinical outcomes, such trials had very high success rates in recruiting and retaining minority participants and achieving significant intervention effects.
Conclusions
Significant publication gaps remain between CBPR and other interventional research methods. CBPR may be effective in increasing participation of racial and ethnic minority subjects in research and may be a powerful tool in testing the generalizability of effective interventions among these populations. CBPR holds promise as an approach that may contribute greatly to the study of health care delivery to disadvantaged populations.
Abstract Forehand and Kotchick (1996) issued a wake-up call to the field to develop culturally responsive interventions. Since that time, 11 meta-analyses on culturally adapted interventions have ...been conducted. To reconcile the differences of the previous meta- analyses, a new meta-analysis was conducted that included 13,998 participants, 95% of whom were non–European American, in 78 studies evaluating culturally adapted interventions with psychopathology outcomes. Using a random effects multilevel regression model, the overall effect size ( g = 0.67, p < .001) favored the effectiveness of culturally adapted interventions over other conditions (no intervention, other interventions). There was a medium effect size favoring the effectiveness of culturally adapted interventions over unadapted versions of the same intervention ( g = .52). The overall effect size was moderated by whether the study involved treatment ( g = .76) vs. prevention ( g = .25, p = .03) and whether the study involved specific measures of mood or anxiety symptoms ( g = .76) vs. general measures of psychopathology ( g = .48, p = .02). Culturally adapted interventions had 4.68 times greater odds than other conditions to produce remission from psychopathology ( p < .001) in 16 studies that reported remission. There were greater effects in no intervention control designs (marginal odds ratio = 9.80) than in manualized intervention (marginal odds ratio = 3.47, p = .03) or another active, nonmanualized intervention (marginal odds ratio = 3.38, p = .04) comparison designs in remission studies. Research has yet to adequately investigate whether culturally adapted or unadapted interventions impact culture-specific psychopathology. These findings indicate a continuing need for rigor in the conceptualization and measurement of culture- specific psychopathology and in developing culturally responsive interventions.
The opioid crisis continues to evolve with increasing opioid-related overdose deaths among under-represented minorities. A better understanding of substance use differences in the route of ...administration for people using heroin and other opioids can lead to targeted strategies and interventions.
Using the 2015–2019 Treatment Episode Data Set - Admissions (TEDS-A), a multinomial logistic regression model examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and secondary substance use with route of administration in a subset of 591,078 admissions.
For individuals reporting heroin as their primary substance, minoritized clients were both more likely to smoke (NH Blacks RR: 2.28, 95 % CI 2.16–2.41; Hispanic RR: 1.80, 95 % CI: 1.74, 1.87; Other RR: 2.09, 95 % CI: 2.00, 2.20) or inhale heroin (Hispanic RR: 1.82, 95 % CI 1.78–1.85; Other RR: 1.30, 95 % CI 1.25, 1.34) compared to non-Hispanic (NH) Whites. NH Black clients were nearly seven and a half times more likely to report inhaling (RR: 7.45, 95 % CI 7.28, 7.62) heroin over injecting it. Clients were more likely to smoke heroin compared to injection if they reported secondary drug use of methamphetamines (RR: 2.28, 95 % CI 2.21, 2.35) and other opioids (RR: 1.21, 95 % CI 1.15, 1.28).
For clients reporting other opioids as their primary substance, Hispanic (RR: 1.33, 95 % CI 1.19, 1.47) and other racial/ethnic minority clients (RR: 2.50, 95 % CI 2.23, 2.79) were more likely to smoke opioids vs take it orally compared to their NH White counterparts. Individuals who reported methamphetamine use as a secondary substance were significantly more than three times as likely to smoke (RR: 3.07, 95 % CI 2.74, 3.45) or inject (RR: 3.36, 95 % CI 3.17, 3.57) compared to orally ingesting opioids, while those who reported cocaine or crack cocaine use were more than twice as likely to inject (RR: 2.22, 95 % CI 2.09–2.36) opioids than taking them orally.
Findings demonstrate significant racial and ethnic differences in the route of administration. This work expands on the understanding of the complex nature of polysubstance use in the evolving opioid crisis and the secondary substance use of clients on routes of administration of opioids and heroin, highlighting the need for tailored interventions to address the treatment needs of under-represented minorities.
•Route of administration varies by the type of opioid when comparing heroin to other opioids.•Racial and ethnic differences exist in route of administration of heroin and other opioids among those entering treatment.•Route of administration varies with secondary substance use of methamphetamine and cocaine.
Rates of teenage pregnancies are higher for African American and Latina adolescents compared to their White peers. African American and Latina adolescent mothers also experience more adversities than ...their White peers, such as higher rates of depression, school dropout, and economic disadvantage. Furthermore, children of adolescent mothers are at higher risk for adverse development. Parenting stress and social support can impact outcomes experienced by adolescent parents and their children. The present study examined the influence of adolescent mothers’ parenting stress and perceived social support on maternal depression at baseline (6 months after birth), and its impact on infant development 1 year later (18 months after birth). Participants were 180 adolescent mothers of African American or Latino/Hispanic descent. Results suggest that higher levels of parenting stress and less perceived social support were associated with higher levels of depression in the adolescent mothers at baseline. Higher levels of maternal depression were also associated with more developmental delays in infants 1 year post-baseline. Additionally, depression mediated the relationship between parenting stress and later child outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of examining parenting factors such as parenting stress, social support, and maternal depression in ethnic minority adolescent parents, and provide valuable information regarding unique risk and protective factors associated with positive maternal outcomes for ethnic minority adolescent parents and healthy development for their children.
Telehealth is an important source of health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence is scarce regarding disparities in telehealth utilization in the United States. We aimed to investigate the ...prevalence and factors associated with telehealth utilization among US adults. Our data came from the Health, Ethnicity, and Pandemic Study, a nationally representative survey conducted in October 2020, with 2554 adults ≥ 18 and an oversample of racial/ethnic minorities. Telehealth utilization was measured as self-reported teleconsultation with providers via email, text message, phone, video, and remote patient monitoring during the pandemic. Logistic regressions were performed to examine the association between telehealth use and factors at the individual, household, and community levels. Overall, 43% of the sample reported having used telehealth, representing 114.5 million adults in the nation. East and Southeast Asians used telehealth less than non-Hispanic Whites (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). Being uninsured (compared with private insurance: OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.8), and those with limited broadband coverage in the community (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.8) were less likely to use telehealth. There is a need to develop and implement more equitable policies and interventions at both the individual and community levels to improve access to telehealth services and reduce related disparities.
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