In many situations social workers face the necessity of making a decision. One of the most frequent scenarios of making a choice is the dilemma of whether to intervene or not. The choice itself is ...conditioned on the one hand by the obligation to comply with the relevant legal requirements and on the other by the necessity of respecting ethical values, rules and principles. One often encounters a situation when the legal requirements and ethical conduct appear in mutual contradiction. This essay will deal with the possible concept of the relationship between law and ethics giving examples of dilemmas between 'confidentiality' and the ′informing or reporting obligation′ in the context of Czech social work.
Pharmaceutical production and distribution constitute big business. For the companies the rewards can be substantial. Rates of return on drug company investments tend to be higher than many other ...manufacturing enterprises. But reward is only one side of the story. There is also the issue of social risk, the focus of this article. Social risk for pharmaceutical production is especially pronounced. An ineffective or, worse, dangerous drug, can have dire consequences for the population at large. For this reason, there is elaborate government regulation and oversight of drug safety and risk. These systems, especially in the US and Europe, will be the main focus of this paper. The two systems will be described, and then compared and contrasted in terms of their framing of social risk and actions governments take to limit it. Systems elsewhere, especially in the developing world, are increasing in relative importance and these will be briefly discussed as well. Ethical issues that have arisen in these various systems will be surfaced and analysed. The paper will close with some conclusions and suggestions for further research.
Proizvodnja i distribucija lijekova vrlo je unosan posao. Za djelovanje farmaceutskih tvrtki bitna je dobit. Financijska ulaganja i povrat investicija u farmaceutskoj industriji veći su nego u drugim djelatnostima. Ali profit je samo jedna strana priče. Postoji i veliki društveni rizik, o čemu će biti riječi u ovom članku. Društveni rizik u farmaceutskoj proizvodnji je posebno naglašen. Neučinkoviti, ili još gore, opasni lijekovi, mogu imati pogubne posljedice za cijelo stanovništvo. Zbog toga na državnoj razini postoji regulativa i nadzor nad sigurnosti i rizikom uporabe lijekova. Ti sustavi, posebno sustavi u SAD-u i Europi, u fokusu su ovog članka. Ta su dva nadzorna sustava opisana i uspoređena u svjetlu ograničavanja društvenog rizika i mjera koje vlade poduzimaju kako bi ih ograničile. Drugi sustavi, posebice u zemljama u razvoju, dobivaju sve više na značaju i ukratko su opisani. Prikazani su i analizirani etički principi u drugim sustavima. Rad završava sa zaključcima i prijedlozima za daljnja istraživanja.
Joseph Raz presents a penetrating exploration of the interdependence of value, reason, and the will. These essays illuminate a wide range of questions concerning fundamental aspects of human thought ...and action. Engaging Reason is a summation of many years of original, compelling, and influential work by a major contemporary philosopher.
Palijativna skrb, odnosno medicina sveobuhvatna je aktivna skrb o bolesnicima s uznapredovalom ili neizlječivom bolesti i članovima njihovih obitelji koju pružaju kompetentni multidisciplinarni ...timovi, s ciljem poboljšanja kvalitete života a prema potrebama i zahtjevima pacijenta i obitelji. “Onomu koji odlazi iz života treba posvetiti jednaku pažnju zajednice kao i onomu malenomu ljudskomu biću koje tek ulazi u život”, rekla je jednom prilikom utemeljiteljica palijativne medicine u Hrvatskoj Anica Jušić. Moramo pokušati promijeniti mentalitet naše sredine te ostvariti obrazac u kojem će bolesnik biti u središtu zbivanja. U posljednjih dvadesetak godina palijativna medicina zaokuplja pozornost medicinske struke i poprima rastuću važnost u svijetu prvenstveno jer utjelovljuje koncept skrbi, a ne samo liječenja, razvijajući time opću svijest o važnosti skrbi, osobito kada liječenje više nije moguće. Palijativna medicina kao grana medicine koja proučava i skrbi za bolesnika s progresivnom, uznapredovalom bolesti ograničene prognoze brine se za optimalnu kvalitetu preostaloga života i prihvaćanju umiranja kao prirodnoga događaja, koji zdravstveni djelatnici interdisciplinarno sa psiholozima, socijalnim radnicima, ljekarnicima i duhovnicima trebaju potpomoći usmjeravanjem, preveniranjem komplikacija, ublažavanjem boli i patnje, pomaganjem da umiranje postane manje bolan događaj dostojan svih koji u njemu sudjeluju. Sukladno brojnim kodeksima medicinske etike i deontologije, jedno od najvažnijih obilježja medicinskoga poziva pomoć je i briga (skrb) za pacijenta, poglavito onoga teško bolesnoga i umirućega.
Palliative care/medicine is the comprehensive active care of patients with advanced or incurable diseases and also of the members of their families. It is provided by competent interdisciplinary teams with the aim of improving the quality of life of terminally ill patients in accordance with the needs and requirements of both the patient and his/her family. „One who is leaving this earthly life should be given the same attention by the community as the tiny human being just entering this life, “ said professor Anica Jušić, MD Ph.D. (1), the founder of palliative medicine in Croatia. We must try to change the mindset in our immediate environment and create a pattern of patient–centered care. In the last twenty years, palliative medicine has taken over the medical profession and has gained in importance all over the world. This is due to the fact that it embodies the concept of care and not just treatment, thus generating general awareness of the importance of care, especially when treatment is no longer possible. Palliative medicine as a branch of medicine which studies and cares for patients with progressive, advanced diseases and a limited life expectancy takes care to optimize the quality of life in the limited remaining time and works toward the acceptance of dying as a natural event. Therefore, health professionals need the interdisciplinary support of psychologists, social workers and pharmacists in order to prevent complications by relieving pain and suffering, by helping to make dying a less painful event worthy of all who participate in it. In accordance with the Code of Medical Ethics and Deontology, one of the most important features of a medical vocation is the desire to help and care for a patient, particularly a seriously ill or diseased person.
Business ethics is a staple in the news today. One of the most difficult ethical questions facing managers is, To whom are they responsible? Organizations can affect and are affected by many ...different constituencies-these groups are often called stakeholders. But who are these stakeholders? What sort of managerial attention should they receive? Is there a legal duty to attend to stakeholders or is such a duty legally prohibited due to the shareholder wealth maximization imperative? In short, for whose benefit ought a firm be managed?Despite the ever growing importance of these questions, there is no comprehensive, theoretical treatment of the stakeholder framework currently in print. In Stakeholder Theory and Organizational Ethics, Robert Phillips provides an extended defense of stakeholder theory as the preeminent theory of organizational ethics today. Addressing the difficult question of what the moral underpinning of stakeholder theory should be, Phillips elaborates a "principle of stakeholder fairness" based on the ideas of the late John Rawls-the most prominent moral and political philosopher of the twentieth century. Phillips shows how this principle clarifies several long-standing questions in stakeholder theory, including: Who are an organization's legitimate stakeholders? What is the basis for this legitimacy? What, if any, are the limits of stakeholder theory? What is the relationship between stakeholder theory and other moral, political, and business ethical theories?Applying research from many related disciplines, Stakeholder Theory and Organizational Ethics is an overdue response to several long-standing and fundamental points of contention within business ethics and management theory.
This thought-provoking study examines the ethical, legal, and social problems that arise with cutting-edge medical technology. Using as examples four powerful and largely unregulated ...technologies—off-label use of drugs, innovative surgery, assisted reproduction, and neuroimaging—Margaret L. Eaton and Donald Kennedy illustrate the difficult challenges faced by clinicians, researchers, and policy makers who seek to advance the frontiers of medicine safely and responsibly.
Supported by medical history and case studies and drawing on reports from dozens of experts, the authors address important practical, ethical, and policy issues. They consider topics such as the responsible introduction of new medical products and services, the importance of patient consent, the extent of the duty to mitigate harm, and the responsibility to facilitate access to new medical therapies.
This work's insights into the nature and consequences of medical innovation contribute to the national debate on how best to protect patients while fostering innovation and securing benefits.
PLACEBO U LIJEČENJU BOLI Kvolik, Slavica; Jukić, Marko; Fingler, Mira
Liječnički vjesnik,
08/2012, Letnik:
134, Številka:
7-8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Uporaba farmakološki neaktivnih tvari ili postupaka poznatih kao ’placebo’ uvriježena je u medicinskim krugovima pri ispitivanju lijekova. Njihova primjena ima veliku važnost u kontroliranim ...kliničkim studijama liječenja boli i u istraživanjima mehanizama prijenosa bolnih podražaja. Novije studije pokazale su da je učinak placeba mjerljiv, praćen promjenama moždane aktivnosti i odgovarajućega subjektivnog doživljaja intenziteta boli. U ovom članku opisane su promjene koje se događaju kod placebne analgezije, intenzitet smanjenja boli u usporedbi s aktivnim lijekovima te osnovni problemi pri primjeni placeba u kliničkoj praksi i istraživanjima.
"Highly recommended for those intending to undertake clinical trials or similar research, as well as for those presently engaged in this field, as a refresher course in medical ethics." -- JAMA "A ...very thorough discussion of the various legal and administative solutions... The book is well-written, has case material and examples enough to make reading vicariously pleasurable." -- Bulletin of Medical Ethics.
Usaha budidaya ikan lele saat ini semakin variatif. sejalan dengan kemajuan zaman dan teknologi, prinsipnya cenderung menggunakan lahan seminimal mungkin agar mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal. Dalam ...praktiknya, ada model jual beli bibit lele yang menggunakan timbangan. Penelitian mengunakan metode kualitatif dengan metode observasi untuk melihat fakta yang terjadi di lapangan. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan menggunakan metode analisis penelitian deskriptif. Tujuan Penelitian untuk megetahui bagaimana praktik jual beli bibit ikan lele sistem timbangan dalam perspektif Etika Bisnis Islam. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa Praktik jual beli bibit ikan lele yang terjadi di Dusun Tawang ini jika dilihat dari segi ketauhidan sebenarnya telah memenuhi rukun dan syarat dalam jual beli. Dalam kaitannnya dengan etika bisnis islampun tidak ada pelanggaran berat. Namun dalam prosesnya masih ada kecurangan yang dilakukan pembeli yaitu menimbang dengan tidak adil. Selebihnya sudah sesuai dengan etika bisnis islam.
Catfish farming is currently increasingly varied. In line with the advancement of times and technology, the principle tends to use as little land as possible in order to get maximum results. In practice, there is a model for selling catfish seeds that uses scales. This research uses qualitative methods with observational methods to see the facts that occur in the field. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive research analysis method. The research objective was to find out how to practice selling catfish seeds with a weighing system in the perspective of Islamic Business Ethics. The results of the study revealed that the practice of buying and selling catfish seeds that occurred in Tawang, when viewed from the perspective of monotheism, actually fulfilled the pillars and requirements in buying and selling. In relation to Islamic business ethics, it is not heavy. However, in the process there is still fraud committed by buyers, namely weighing unfairly. The rest is in accordance with Islamic business ethics.
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