Background: Many adults in behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs find long-term weight loss challenging, particularly after treatment ends. High levels of physical activity (PA) during follow-up may ...promote long-term weight loss, but little is known about the individual variability of this effect. This study tested the hypotheses that the strength of the relationship between PA and long-term weight loss depends on extent of emotional eating and appetitive response to PA. Methods: Participants (N = 271) received 18 mo of BWL. PA was measured with tri-axial accelerometers at 18, 24, and 36 mo. Weight was measured in clinic at 36 mo. Participants completed the Emotional Overeating Questionnaire (EOQ) and a single-item measure of perceived appetitive response to PA at baseline and 6 mo. Baseline weight was controlled for in analyses. Multiple imputation was used for missing data. Results: Weight loss at 36 mo was 11.1% in participants engaging in >150 min/wk of PA at all three time points (i.e., 18, 24, and 36 mo) ("High PA"), vs. 5.2% in participants engaging in >150 min/wk of PA at one or two of those time points ("Mixed PA"), vs. 3.1% in participants engaging in <150 min/wk of PA at each time point ("Low PA") (p < .001). PA interacted with EOQ to predict 36-month weight loss (p = 0.02). Weight loss at 36-mo was as follows: High PA, Low EOQ = 13.6%; High PA, High EOQ = 8.6%; Low PA, Low EOQ = 3.2%; Low PA, High EOQ = 2.7%. The relationship between PA and 36-mo weight loss also depended on perceived effect of PA on appetite at 6 mo (p < .05). Among those with High PA, 36-mo weight loss was as follows: No Effect on Appetite = 19.4%; Controls Appetite = 9.3%; Increases Appetite = 6.3%. Among those with Mixed PA, 36-mo weight loss was as follows: No Effect on Appetite = 6.1%; Controls Appetite = 5.4%; Increases Appetite = 3.1%. Conclusions: Specialized treatment tools may be warranted to maximize the benefit of PA for individuals who experience emotional eating or perceive that PA effects their appetite.
Background: Greater physical activity (PA) variety (i.e., number of unique types of PA performed walking, biking, etc.) relates to greater moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA). No studies have ...examined the importance of variety in PA contextual factors (e.g., location PA is performed) above and beyond PA type in relation to MVPA. This study examined relationships of variety in PA type and variety in PA type plus contextual factors with MVPA. Methods: Participants (n = 25, 26.0 ± 8.9 y, 23.4 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 76.0% female, 84.0% white) recorded MVPA in >10 min bouts and type of activities and contextual factors (i.e., location, companions, and simultaneous activities e.g., listening to music) specific to each bout for 21 days. Variety was coded as number of unique activities (TYPE), and as number of unique activities by unique location (WHERE), companion (WHO), or other simultaneous activities (OTHER) for each day, week, and overall period. Daily MVPA was objectively measured via accelerometry. Pearson's correlations tested associations between variety measures and MVPA. William's t-tests examined whether contextual variety measures (WHERE, WHO, and OTHER) strengthened correlations between PA variety and MVPA over TYPE alone. Alpha <0.017 was considered significant (correction for day, week, overall). Results: Daily, weekly, and overall means for variety in PA TYPE were 1.45 (SD = 0.64), 4.64 (SD = 2.04), and 8.16 (SD = 3.59), respectively. Variety in PA TYPE was significantly associated with MVPA for 15 of 21 days (rs = 0.48-0.85), 2 of 3 weeks (rs = 0.58-0.59), and overall (r = 0.60). Compared to TYPE, correlations with MVPA were increased for variety in WHERE on day 4 only (r = 0.77 vs r = 0.86). No other contextual variety measures yielded a stronger correlation with MVPA than TYPE. Conclusions: Greater variety in PA type related to greater MVPA on most days and overall. Variety in contextual factors rarely contributed to increases in MVPA above variety in type.
Background: Exerciser identity (ExID) is increasingly recognized as a psychological factor associated with physical activity (PA) behavior. This secondary analysis examined the relationship between ...ExID and device-measured PA in adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 27-45 kg/m2) enrolled in an ongoing 12-month randomized trial designed to compare weight loss generated by daily caloric restriction or intermittent fasting. Methods: Participants in both conditions received guidance on dietary energy restriction, and recommendations to increase moderate intensity PA to 300 mins/wk and group-based behavioral support. ExID and PA were measured at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. ExID was measured using a 4- item scale (e.g., "I see myself as someone who engages in sufficient exercise") with scores ranging from 1-7 and PA was measured with the activPAL device over 7 consecutive days (valid day: ≥20 h of wear time per day). The activPAL device estimated daily averages for total steps, total PA (estimated as total minutes stepping ), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA, estimated as time spent stepping at a cadence ≥75 steps/min). Linear mixed models with random intercepts and an unstructured covariance matrix were estimated to assess the longitudinal relationship between ExID and PA. Results: We analyzed data from n = 109 adults (23% male, BMI = 33.8 ± 4.4 kg/m2, age = 41.7 ± 9.1 years). ExID was significantly associated with PA variables at all timepoints, and the relationship between ExID and PA did not vary over time (p's > 0.57). Averaged across timepoints, a 1-unit higher ExID score was associated with 632 more steps/d (95%CI: 389, 875; p =< .01), 6.3 more min/d of total PA (95%CI: 3.5, 9.1; p =< .01), and 3.9 more min/d of MVPA (95%CI: 1.9, 5.8; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Participants with higher ExID scores consistently had higher levels of PA throughout the intervention. Future research is needed to identify effective strategies to promote improvements in ExID and assess whether interventions to increase ExID lead to long term improvements in PA.
The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is a global public health concern. Numerous experts have noted that comprehensive treatment methods are required to address this complex condition. The ...Children’s Health and Activity Modification Program (C.H.A.M.P.), a 4-week intervention delivered in a unique camp-based format, was developed for children with obesity and their families using a multidisciplinary approach. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the short- (i.e., 1-week post-intervention) and longer-term (i.e., 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-intervention) effects of C.H.A.M.P. on children’s self-reported: (a) task and barrier self-efficacy; and (b) home-based physical activity. A secondary purpose was to determine whether task and/or barrier self-efficacy served as predictors of self-reported home-based physical activity at any of these time points. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C; Crocker, Bailey, Faulkner, Kowalski, & McGrath, 1997) was used to assess self-reported home-based physical activity and modified versions of the Self-Efficacy Scale and Barrier Efficacy Scale (McAuley & Mihalko, 1998) were administered to children to assess task and barrier self-efficacy, respectively. Forty participants (36 different children) completed Year 1 (n = 15; Mage = 10.6; 53% female) and/or Year 2 (n = 25; Mage = 10.6; 56% female) of the program. Results showed that participation in C.H.A.M.P. was associated with significant increases in task and barrier self-efficacy from pre- to post-intervention, after which mean values remained significantly higher than baseline at the 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. No significant changes were observed from baseline to any of the post-intervention time points for home-based physical activity. Linear regression analysis revealed that task and barrier self-efficacy explained between 18% and 34% of the variance in self-reported home-based physical activity scores. While task self-efficacy contributed more towards the prediction of home-based activity at baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 3-months post-intervention, barrier self-efficacy emerged as the predominant predictor at 6- and 12-months post-intervention. These results suggest that efficacious beliefs to be physically active and to overcome physical activity-related barriers may be important in the prediction of self-reported home-based physical activity in children with obesity. Taken together, the current findings also emphasize the importance of targeting self-efficacy as a first step towards increasing physical activity in this young population.Resumen. La creciente prevalencia de la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública mundial. Numerosos expertos han señalado que se requieren métodos de tratamiento integral para hacer frente a esta condición compleja. El programa de modificación de la salud y la actividad en niños (CHAMP), una intervención de 4 semanas diseñada en un formato único de tipo campamento, fue desarrollado para niños con obesidad y sus familias mediante un enfoque multidisciplinario. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar a corto plazo (es decir, 1 semana después de la intervención) y a largo plazo (es decir, 3, 6, y 12 meses después de la intervención) los efectos de CHAMP en la percepción subjetiva de los niños: (a) la autoeficacia en la tarea y en la barrera; y (b) la actividad física en el entorno familiar. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar si la autoeficacia en la tarea y/o barrera sirvió como predictores de la actividad física auto-reportada en el entorno familiar en cualquiera de estos puntos en el tiempo. El cuestionario de actividad física para niños mayores (PAQ-C; Crocker, Bailey, Faulkner, Kowalski, y McGrath, 1997) se utilizó para evaluar la actividad física auto-reportada en el contexto familiar y versiones modificadas de la escala de autoeficacia y la escala de eficacia de la barrera (McAuley y Mihalko, 1998) se administraron a los niños para evaluar la autoeficacia de tarea y relativa a las barreras, respectivamente. Cuarenta participantes (36 niños diferentes) completaron el año 1 (n = 15; Medad = 10,6; 53% chicas) y el año 2 (n = 25; Medad = 10,6; 56% chicas) del programa. Los resultados mostraron que la participación en C.H.A.M.P. se asoció con aumentos significativos en la autoeficacia de la tarea y la barrera en la pre y post-intervención, después de que los valores medios se mantuvieron significativamente más altos que en la línea base en las evaluaciones de seguimiento a los 3 y 6 meses. No se observaron cambios significativos desde el inicio hasta cualquiera de los puntos en el tiempo posteriores a la intervención para la actividad física en el entorno familiar. El análisis de regresión lineal reveló que la autoeficacia de tarea y de barrera explica entre el 18% y el 34% de la varianza en las puntuaciones de actividad física auto-reportada en el entorno familiar. Mientras la autoeficacia en la tarea contribuyó más a la predicción de la actividad física en el entorno familiar al inicio del estudio, la primera semana después de la intervención, y 3 meses después de la intervención, la autoeficacia en la barrera surgió como el factor de predicción predominante a los 6 y 12 meses después de la intervención. Estos resultados sugieren que las creencias eficaces para ser físicamente activo y para superar las barreras relacionadas con la actividad física son importantes en la predicción de la actividad física auto-reportada en el contexto familiar en niños con obesidad. En conjunto, los hallazgos actuales también hacen hincapié en la importancia de actuar sobre la autoeficacia como un primer paso hacia el aumento de la actividad física en esta población joven
Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los estereotipos y las actitudes hacia el envejecimiento con los motivos para la realización de ejercicio físico en usuarios de gimnasios de Matamoros ...(Tamaulipas, México). Método: Estudio correlacional en una muestra de 163 usuarios de gimnasios. Se aplicó el cuestionario de Estereotipos Negativos hacia la Vejez, la Escala de Actitudes Hacia el Envejecimiento de Kogan y el autoinforme de Motivos para la Práctica del Ejercicio Físico. Resultados: No se encontró relación entre los estereotipos negativos ante el envejecimiento (p=.119) y las actitudes hacia el envejecimiento (p=.92) con los motivos para la realización de ejercicio físico. Las actitudes hacia el envejecimiento mostraron relación con la diversión y bienestar (p=.014), prevención y salud positiva (p=.011), fuerza y resistencia muscular (p=.004), reconocimiento social (p=.032), control del estrés (p=.017) y urgencias de salud (p=.029). Conclusiones: No se encontró relación entre las escalas globales empleadas para medir los estereotipos y actitudes hacia el envejecimiento con los motivos para hacer ejercicio físico; se encontró que las actitudes hacia el envejecimiento están relacionadas con la diversión y bienestar, prevención y salud positiva, fuerza y resistencia muscular, reconocimiento social, control del estrés y urgencias de salud.
Salivary diagnostics offers an easy, inexpensive, painless, and stress free approach to disease detection. The many advantages of saliva as a clinical tool over serum and tissues are non-invasive ...collection of samples, good cooperation with patients, cost effectiveness, easy storage and transportation, greater sensitivity, and correlation with levels in blood. Promising new technologies have unveiled large numbers of medically valuable salivary biomarkers for different disease conditions including cancer, autoimmune, viral, bacterial, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Advances in saliva based systems biology has also contributed towards identification of several biomarkers, and other sensitive analytical techniques. However, there is lacuna in relation to standardization of pre-analytical and analytical variables, such as collection and storage methods, circadian variation, sample recovery, accurate choice of collection methods (stimulated or unstimulated), prevention of sample contamination and analytical procedures. Stimulated saliva may be collected through gustatory stimulation, mastication or citric acid use. Unstimulated Saliva can be collected by passive drool directly into plastic tubes. Passive collection is the most recommended method for most analytes. Several physiological factors (e.g. mastication, psychological stress, physical exercise etc.) affect various salivary parameters. Fasting saliva sample is generally preferred as some of its components are influenced by circadian rhythm. Saliva is a hypotonic fluid compared to plasma, some components are found in lower (sodium, magnesium, chloride), higher (potassium, calcium, phosphate) and similar concentrations. Salivary flow rate, composition and protein concentration varies amongst individuals depending on factors such as age, sample processing, preservation. The present study was designed in GGS Medical College Faridkot, a tertiary care hospital to make protocols for analysing routine biochemical parameters in saliva to enhance the utility of this biological matrix. Two hundred healthy participants were enrolled for the study. Both stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples were assessed to define analytical procedure and reference values of various biochemical parameters.
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