Gastroparesis can be divided into diabetic and nondiabetic, and the 3 main causes of gastroparesis are diabetic, postsurgical, and idiopathic. Delayed gastric emptying is the main manifestation of ...motility disorders for gastroparesis. Symptoms of gastroparesis are nonspecific and severity can vary. Nausea and vomiting are more common in diabetic gastroparesis whereas abdominal pain and early satiety are more frequent in idiopathic gastroparesis. Medication is still the mainstay of treatment of gastroparesis; however, the development of gastric electric stimulation and gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy brings more options for the treatment of diabetic and nondiabetic gastroparesis.
Gastroparesis is a common complaint among patients with diabetes. Symptoms tend to improve following successful pancreas transplantation (PTx), but persist despite euglycemia in a subset of patients. ...We aimed to assess the benefit of gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G‐POEM) in persistent gastroparesis following PTx. This was a single center retrospective review of all patients who underwent G‐POEM for persistent gastroparesis following PTx. Patient demographics, pre and post procedure perception of symptom severity according to the patient assessment of upper gastrointestinal symptoms severity index (PAGI‐SYM), gastroparesis cardinal symptom index (GCSI) score, and 36‐item short form survey (SF36) score along with gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) were analyzed. Seven PTx recipients underwent G‐POEM for persistent gastroparesis symptoms. The majority were female. All reported nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, and post prandial fullness prior to G‐POEM. The post procedure survey scores improved in all patients although this was not significant. The improvement in gastric emptying on GES was statistically significant. G‐POEM is a relatively new treatment option for gastroparesis. While it requires specialized proceduralist and training, we have documented improvement in the management of symptoms. With increasing experience, we anticipate more significant benefit in post PTx patients with persistent symptoms of gastroparesis undergoing G‐POEM.
Background
The aims of this study were to describe the histology in gastroparesis, specifically to relate histopathology to etiology of gastroparesis (idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis), gastric ...emptying, and clinical response to gastric electric stimulation.
Methods
Full thickness gastric body sections obtained during insertion of gastric stimulator in gastroparetics were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Masson Trichrome and immunohistochemical stains for Neuron‐Specific Enolase and c‐Kit.
Key Results
In all, 145 gastroparetics (71 diabetics, 71 idiopathic, 2 post‐surgical, and 1 chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction) had full thickness gastric body biopsies. A lymphocytic infiltrate was seen in the intermyenteric plexus in 22 diabetic and 23 idiopathic gastroparesis patients. Fibrosis was present in the inner circular layer in 13 diabetic and 15 idiopathics and in the outer longitudinal layer in 46 diabetic and 51 idiopathics. Diabetic gastroparesis had less ganglion cells (3.27±1.82 vs 4.81±2.81/hpf; P<.01) and less ganglia (0.90±0.44 vs 1.10±0.50/hpf; P=.01) than idiopathic gastroparesis. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) count was slightly lower in the inner circular layer in diabetic than idiopathics (2.77±1.47 vs 3.18±1.34/hpf; P=.08). Delayed gastric emptying was associated with reduced ICCs in the myenteric plexus. Global therapeutic response to gastric electric stimulation was inversely related to ganglia/hpf (R=−.22; P=.008). In diabetics, improvements in nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain were inversely related to fibrosis.
Conclusion and Inferences
Histologic assessment of full thickness gastric biopsy specimens allows correlation of histopathology to the gastroparesis disease process, its etiology, gastric emptying, and response to gastric electric stimulation treatment.
Background
Early satiety (ES) and postprandial fullness (PPF) are often present in gastroparesis, but the importance of these symptoms in gastroparesis has not been well‐described. The aims were: (i) ...Characterize ES and PPF in patients with gastroparesis. (ii) Assess relationships of ES and PPF with etiology of gastroparesis, quality of life, body weight, gastric emptying, and water load testing.
Methods
Gastroparetic patients filled out questionnaires assessing symptoms (PAGI‐SYM) and quality of life (PAGI‐QOL, SF‐36v2). Patients underwent gastric emptying scintigraphy and water load testing.
Key Results
198 patients with gastroparesis (134 IG, 64 DG) were evaluated. Early satiety was severe or very severe in 50% of patients. Postprandial fullness was severe or very severe in 60% of patients. Severity scores for ES and PPF were similar between idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis. Increasing severity of ES and PPF were associated with other gastroparesis symptoms including nausea/vomiting, satiety/early fullness, bloating, and upper abdominal pain and GERD subscores. Increasing severity of ES and PPF were associated with increasing gastroparesis severity, decreased BMI, decreased quality of life from PAGI‐QOL and SF‐36 physical health. Increasing severity of ES and PPF were associated with increasing gastric retention of a solid meal and decreased volume during water load test.
Conclusions & Inferences
Early satiety and PPF are commonly severe symptoms in both diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis. Early satiety and PPF severity are associated with other gastroparesis symptom severities, body weight, quality of life, gastric emptying, and water load testing. Thus, ES and PPF are important symptoms characterizing gastroparesis. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT NCT01696747.
Background
Gastric electric stimulation (GES) is used to treat patients with refractory gastroparesis symptoms. However, the effectiveness of GES in clinical practice and the effect of GES on ...specific symptoms of gastroparesis are not well delineated.
Aims
To determine the effectiveness of GES for treatment for refractory symptoms of gastroparesis, the improvement in specific symptoms of gastroparesis, and clinical factors impacting on outcome.
Methods
Enterra GES was used to treat refractory gastroparesis symptoms. Patients filled out a symptom severity questionnaire (PAGI-SYM) prior to insertion. At each follow-up visit, the patient filled out PAGI-SYM and assessed their therapeutic response using the Clinical Patient Grading Assessment Scale (CPGAS).
Results
One hundred and fifty-one patients (120 females) with refractory gastroparesis (72 diabetic, 73 idiopathic, 6 other) underwent GES. Of the 138 with follow-up (1.4 ± 1.0 years), the average CPGAS was 2.4 ± 0.3 (SEM): 104 patients (75 %) improved (CPGAS > 0) and 34 (25 %) did not (CPGAS ≤ 0). Sixty patients (43 %) were at least moderately improved (CPGAS score ≥4). Clinical improvement was seen in both diabetic and idiopathic patients with the CPGAS in diabetic patients (3.5 ± 0.3) higher in idiopathic patients (1.5 ± 0.5;
p
< 0.05). Symptoms significantly improving the most included nausea, loss of appetite, and early satiety. Vomiting improved in both diabetic and idiopathic patients although the diabetic subgroup experienced a significantly greater reduction in vomiting than the idiopathic subgroup.
Conclusions
In this cohort of patients with refractory gastroparesis, GES improved symptoms in 75 % of patients with 43 % being at least moderately improved. Response in diabetics was better than in nondiabetic patients. Nausea, loss of appetite, and early satiety responded the best.
Gastroparesis is a syndrome of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Symptoms can be debilitating, affect nutritional states, and significantly impact patients' quality ...of life. The management of these patients can prove quite difficult to many providers. This article will review the current management recommendations of gastroparesis, discuss investigational medications and interventions, and summarize future directions of therapies targeting the underlying disease process. Current therapies are subdivided into those improving gastric motility and those directly targeting symptoms. Non-pharmacologic interventions, including gastric stimulator implantation and intra-pyloric botulinum toxic injection are reviewed. A discussion of expert opinion in the field, a look into the future of gastroparesis management, and a key point summary conclude the article.
Background
Autonomic dysfunction can be present in patients with idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis. The role of autonomic dysfunction relating to gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal ...symptoms in patients with gastroparesis and chronic unexplained nausea and vomiting (CUNV) remains unclear. The aim of our study is to evaluate autonomic function in patients with gastroparesis and CUNV with respect to etiology, gastric emptying and symptom severity.
Methods
We studied 242 patients with chronic gastroparetic symptoms recruited at eight centers. All patients had a gastric emptying scintigraphy within 6 months of the study. Symptom severity was assessed using the gastroparesis cardinal symptom index. Autonomic function testing was performed at baseline enrollment using the ANX 3.0 autonomic monitoring system which measures heart rate variability and respiratory activity measurements.
Key Results
Low sympathetic response to challenge (Valsalva or standing) was the most common abnormality seen impacting 89% diabetic and 74% idiopathic patients. Diabetics compared to idiopathics, exhibited greater global hypofunction with sympathetic (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 2.2‐10.3; P < .001) and parasympathetic (OR = 7.2, 95% CI 3.4‐15.0; P < .001) dysfunction. Patients with delayed gastric emptying were more likely to have paradoxic parasympathetic excessive during sympathetic challenge (Valsalva or standing) 40% vs. 26%, P = .05. Patients with more severe symptoms exhibited greater parasympathetic dysfunction compared to those with mild‐moderate symptoms: resting sympathovagal balance LFa/RFa 1.8 (1.0‐3.1) vs. 1.2 (0.6‐2.3), P = .006) and standing parasympathetic activity 0.4 (0.1‐0.8) vs. 0.6 (0.2‐1.7); P = .03.
Conclusions
Autonomic dysfunction was common in patients with gastroparesis and CUNV. Parasympathetic dysfunction was associated with delayed gastric emptying and more severe upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Conversely, sympathetic hypofunction was associated with milder symptoms.
Inferences
Gastroparesis and CUNV may be a manifestation of GI autonomic dysfunction or imbalance, such that sympathetic dysfunction occurs early on in the manifestation of chronic upper GI symptoms, while parasympathetic dysfunction results in more severe symptoms and delayed gastric emptying.
Sympathetic withdrawal (low sympathetic activity in response to a sympathetic challenge) was the most common autonomic abnormality found among all patients.
Constipation can be an important symptom in some patients with gastroparesis. The aims were to: 1) Determine prevalence of constipation and delayed colonic transit in patients with symptoms of ...gastroparesis; 2) Correlate severity of constipation to severity of symptoms of gastroparesis; and 3) Relate severity of constipation to GI transit delays assessed by gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) and wireless motility capsule (WMC).
Patients with symptoms of gastroparesis underwent gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES), wireless motility capsule (WMC) assessing gastric emptying, small bowel transit, and colonic transit, and questionnaires assessing symptoms using a modified Patient Assessment of Upper GI Symptoms PAGI-SYM and Rome III functional GI disorder questionnaire.
Of 338 patients with symptoms of gastroparesis, 242 (71.5%) had delayed gastric emptying by scintigraphy; 298 (88.2%) also met criteria for functional dyspepsia. Severity of constipation was severe/very severe in 34% patients, moderate in 24%, and none/very mild/mild in 42%. Increasing severity of constipation was associated with increasing symptoms of gastroparesis and presence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Severity of constipation was not associated with gastric retention on GES or WMC. Delayed colonic transit was present in 108 patients (32% of patients). Increasing severity of constipation was associated with increasing small bowel transit time, colonic transit time, and whole gut transit time.
Severe/very severe constipation and delayed colon transit occurs in a third of patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. The severity of constipation is associated with severity of gastroparesis symptoms, presence of IBS, small bowel and colon transit delay, but not delay in gastric emptying. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01696747.
Background
A patient subset with gastroparesis (GP) has normal gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) and pyloric dysfunction.
Aims
(1) To determine pyloric balloon dilation (BD) effect on symptoms and ...gastric emptying in GP patients with normal 3 cycles per minute (cpm) GMA. (2) To demonstrate GMA-based artificial intelligence (AI)-derived formulae predict BD success at 10–12-month follow-up.
Methods
Cohort subjects completed baseline electrogastrogram w/water load satiety test (WLST), solid-phase nuclear gastric emptying, Gastrointestinal Cardinal Symptom Index (ANMS GCSI-DD) and Leeds questionnaires. Subjects were divided into two groups based on response to the WLST. Group 1 (
n
= 26) with hypernormal/normal 3 cpm GMA and Group 2 (
n
= 4) hyponormal/normal range 3 cpm GMA, compared to healthy normals. All subjects underwent endoscopic pyloric BD. After 10–12 months, gastric emptying and dyspepsia questionnaires were repeated to evaluate outcomes.
Results
Group 1 ANMS GCSI-DD scores improved from 2 points at baseline (BL) to 0 at follow-up (f/u) (
p
< 0.001); Group 2 ANMS GSCI-DD scores were 2 at BL and 1.6 at f/u (
p
= 0.25). Leeds scores improved (
p
< 0.001) only for Group 1. Group 1 gastric emptying improved (54.5% retained at 2 h at BL vs. 12.2% at f/u,
p
< 0.001) in contrast to Group 2 patients (51.25% at BL vs. 56.25% at f/u,
p
= 0.252). Percentage 3 cpm GMA decreased (41.1% at BL vs. 24.9% at f/u,
p
≤ 0.005) in Group 1 versus Group 2 (15.3% at BL vs. 23.4% at f/u,
p
= 0.114). AI-derived GMA threshold (GMAT) of 0.59 predicted positive pyloric BD outcomes at 10–12 months with sensitivity 96%, specificity 75%, and 93% correct classification.
Conclusions
Pyloric BD improved symptoms and gastric emptying long term in patients with GP and hypernormal/normal 3 cpm GMA. AI-derived GMAT predicted pyloric BD success. GMA post-WLST and GMAT are objective measures for improved selection and outcomes for endoscopic pyloric BD.
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