Stalin’s genocides Naimark, Norman M; Naimark, Norman M
2010., 20100719, 2010, 2010-07-19, 20100101, Letnik:
12
eBook
Between the early 1930s and his death in 1953, Joseph Stalin had more than a million of his own citizens executed. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, bloody massacres, ...and detention and interrogation by Stalin's henchmen. Stalin's Genocides is the chilling story of these crimes. The book puts forward the important argument that brutal mass killings under Stalin in the 1930s were indeed acts of genocide and that the Soviet dictator himself was behind them.
Resumo Este artigo aborda a literatura de testemunho de sobreviventes de genocídios para se perguntar o que eles ensinam ao analista sobre os traumas históricos e os efeitos da violência histórica ...sobre a subjetividade humana. Os testemunhos são aqui entendidos como um misto de confissão, reflexão e documento histórico, e engajam a responsabilidade do analista em sua escuta tanto sobre destruição quanto sobre a resistência a ele.
Abstract This article approaches the testimonial literature of genocidal survivors to question what they teach the analyst about historical traumas and the effects of historical violence on human subjectivity. The testimonials are here understood as a mix of confession, reflection and historical document, and engage the analyst's responsibility in terms of listening the destruction as well as the resistance to it.
Resumen Este artículo aborda la literatura testimonial de supervivientes de genocidios para interrogar lo que los supervivientes enseñan al psicoanalista respecto a los traumas históricos y a los efectos de la violencia histórica acerca de la subjetividad humana. Entendemos los testimonios como una mezcla de confesión, reflexión y documento histórico que involucran la responsabilidad del psicoanalista en su escucha tanto acerca de la destrucción como la resistencia al psicoanalista.
Resumé Cet article se penche sur le témoignage littéraire des survivants des génocides pour se demander ce qu'ils enseignent à l'analyste en ce qui concerne les traumatismes historiques et les effets de la violence historique sur la subjectivité humaine. Les témoignages sont ici entendus en tant que mélange de conféssion, réflexion et document historique qui engagent la responsabilité de l'analyste autant dans son écoute de la déstruction que dans la résistance à celle ci.
This paper is based on an anthropological study investigating the impact of forced displacement, genocide, and missing persons on the social identities of surviving women, their families and local ...communities in Bosnia Herzegovina and the Bosnian diaspora. By the end of the 1992-95 Bosnian war, more than 100,000 had been killed and close to 40,000 individuals reported missing – some 7,000 of whom have still not been found or identified. No knowing where the body of one’s loved one is, makes the grieving process of many surviving families much harder than it would be if they had been able to bury the victims. The issues surrounding the missing and their exhumation, identification and burial are some of the lasting legacies of genocide and war in Bosnia, that still affect many individuals, especially war widows and their families, as well as the respective local communities. The gaps, absences, and open-ended temporality the missing persons left behind also impact on politics, culture and reconciliation within the broader Bosnian society and the diaspora.More than two decades after the war, in many respects, Bosnia can still be seen as an exemplar of a post-conflict society, where the progress towards achieving a just and lasting peace has been halted by unresolved issues from the past, including the issue of the missing. In regard to the missing (presumably dead), what is often depicted as an “unresolved past” is in fact an unresolved present, spread through global connections across time and space and having significant affects and effects even on those who now live at great geographic distances from the original violence.The issue of the missing in Bosnia is predominantly, but not exclusively, affecting the Muslim (Bosniak) community. Mourning the dead in Islam typically takes place in the private domain and those who died in conflict or as innocent victims are regarded as šehidi, martyrs who will be rewarded in the afterlife. However, in the case of the missing, there are no adequate religious rituals offering closure or recognising a missing person as šehid able to “resettle” (preseli) in afterlife. Instead of referring to the missing as those who now rest in peace, or literally those who “resettled ” (preselili) in the afterlife (ahiret), the common reference for the Srebrenica genocide victims in 1995 is “those who did not get across” (nisu prešli), also symbolically sug¬gesting the inability of the missing to resettle (presele), thus remaining in a state of post-mortem liminality.While coping with their own trauma, loss and displacement, many Bosnian survivors, especially women, have taken up the crucial role in identifying the remains of relatives uncovered from mass graves spread across the country. They have often literally been the embodiment of the search for and identification of the missing in more than one way. They have preserved a link between those who perished and those who survived both through their narrated and documented memories of the missing and though their bodies. In Bosnia, DNA has served as a crucial piece of information required to establish identities of the missing. DNA matching technolo¬gies have equally challenged and reinforced the importance of blood relations and blood as the “shared essence” through which kinship is defined and relations between individuals are imagined, linking not only parents and siblings in a direct blood relation, but also husbands and wives and subsequently leading to identification of other missing “non-blood” relatives. However, as anthropologist Sarah Wagner has witnessed and described, DNA evidence does not exist in a vacuum; rather, its success depends on other manifestations of individual lives, social ties, and everyday practice: family members holding a piece of cloth, touching its fabric, whose pattern and stitching are indelibly etched into their memory, use their own recollections to help retrieve their missing relatives’ remains.In the first part of the paper, statistical and historiographical facts related to the 1992- 95 war casualties in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) are presented and the shortcomings of the quantitative research approaches in drawing conclusions about the es¬sence, character and consequences of the war events on different demographic and gender groups in BiH are pointed out.In the second part—through an ethnographic description of the life of one of the war widows and a mother who lost two sons and who now lives in the diaspora—the author describes the difficulties that accompany the war widows, both at the psychological and socio-cultural levels, as well as the reasons for many women to choose to migrate to third countries. The paper then describes how medical and forensic DNA biotechnology has helped to rehumanize the missing and killed, while the post-war bureaucracy in BiH has largely had a different, dehumanising effect on the war widows and survivors, which was often one of the reasons for their emigration.For mothers who lost children and war widows who lost husbands, it is expected that, for the rest of their lives, they will continue to perform the roles, adjusting their lives and embodying eternal grief for their loved ones. Across south-eastern Europe and the Balkans this aspect of patriarchal tradition has survived in many communities—among Christians and Muslims alike. Many women, once they lose their loved ones, spend the rest of their lives in mourning dress code. They also tend to become more religious and to perform regular rituals to honour and remember their dead. Even their everyday lives are readjusted so there are constant reminders of those they lost. Their public identities become those of mourning women. Often, they remain so for years, sometimes for the rest of their lives. These have been the unwritten rules and expectations of the women’s own communities that have been reconstructed after the war. In conclusion, the author advocates for an activist approach to socio-humanistic research related to the issues that accompany war widows, with the aim of protecting and promoting their human rights and dignity.
The first genocide of the twentieth century, though not well known, was committed by Germans between 1904–1907 in the country we know today as Namibia, where they exterminated hundreds of Herero and ...Nama people and subjected the surviving indigenous men, women, and children to forced labor. The perception of Africans as subhuman—lacking any kind of civilization, history, or meaningful religion—and the resulting justification for the violence against them is what author Elizabeth R. Baer refers to as the “genocidal gaze,” an attitude that was later perpetuated by the Nazis. In The Genocidal Gaze: From German Southwest Africa to the Third Reich, Baer uses the metaphor of the gaze to trace linkages between the genocide of the Herero and Nama and that of the victims of the Holocaust. Significantly, Baer also considers the African gaze of resistance returned by the indigenous people and their leaders upon the German imperialists.
The suppression of various hate speech manifestations is inseparable from the influence of national heritage and the obligations undertaken at the European level. In this context, given the very ...meagre national jurisprudence but also a lack of precise determinations regarding the subject area, the legal standards of the European Court of Human Rights are crucial when it comes to reasoning on hate speech cases in order to create guidelines for national systems. The first judgement for the Armenian genocide denial is the principal motive for this paper. Its powerful echo and polemics at the international level were stimulative for subject matter research. The purpose of the article is to examine the cases of genocide denial at the ECtHR in order to assess whether they all have the same fate, bearing in mind that this is a serious hate speech form that is not (or should not be) protected through guaranteed freedom of expression. Therefore, we raise some specific questions, analyse judgments, consider the relevant provisions and specific legal mechanisms in order to come to conclusions significant for the national system as well as point out the trends that this Court has set regarding the issue concerned.
This world history of genocide examines the longue duree of mass murder from the beginning of human history to the present. Cases of genocide are examined as distinct episodes of killing, but in ...connection with earlier episodes. Communist and anti-communist genocides are considered, as are cases of settler (or colonial) genocide.
All the missing souls Scheffer, David
2011., 2011, 2011-12-25, 20120101, Letnik:
18
eBook
Within days of Madeleine Albright's confirmation as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in 1993, she instructed David Scheffer to spearhead the historic mission to create a war crimes tribunal for ...the former Yugoslavia. As senior adviser to Albright and then as President Clinton's ambassador-at-large for war crimes issues, Scheffer was at the forefront of the efforts that led to criminal tribunals for the Balkans, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia, and that resulted in the creation of the permanent International Criminal Court. All the Missing Souls is Scheffer's gripping insider's account of the international gamble to prosecute those responsible for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, and to redress some of the bloodiest human rights atrocities in our time.
This book outlines for the first time in a single volume the theoretical and methodological tools for a study of human remains resulting from episodes of mass violence and genocide. Despite the ...highly innovative and contemporary research into both mass violence and the body, the most significant consequence of conflict - the corpse - remains absent from the scope of existing research. Why have human remains hitherto remained absent from our investigation, and how do historians, anthropologists and legal scholars, including specialists in criminology and political science, confront these difficult issues? By drawing on international case studies including genocides in Rwanda, the Khmer Rouge, Argentina, Russia and the context of post-World War II Europe, this ground-breaking edited collection opens new avenues of research. Multidisciplinary in scope, this volume will appeal to readers interested in an understanding of mass violence's aftermath.
Die Kategorie „Genozid“ ist ohne Frage eine Verhandlungssache. Wie jedoch wirkt sich das auf die öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit für vergangene Genozide aus? Geschichtspolitisches Sprechen über ...Massengewalt ist von der juristischen, historischen und politischen Hypothek jener Terminologie geprägt. Das verdeutlichen die deutschen Auseinandersetzungen über die Massengewalt an Herero und Nama, Armeniern, Sinti und Roma, denen Yvonne Robel aus kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive nachgeht. Ihr Nebeneinander entfaltet eine Dynamik, die auch auf das Shoah-Gedenken rückwirkt. Vor allem die Konstruktion sogenannter Opfer- und Erinnerungskonkurrenzen, von Anerkennungsszenarien und Versöhnungsleistungen formt dabei aktuell gültiges geschichtspolitisches Wissen.
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