In a rapidly changing world, there is an ever-increasing need to monitor the Earth’s resources and manage it sustainably for future generations. Earth observation from satellites is critical to ...provide information required for informed and timely decision making in this regard. Satellite-based earth observation has advanced rapidly over the last 50 years, and there is a plethora of satellite sensors imaging the Earth at finer spatial and spectral resolutions as well as high temporal resolutions. The amount of data available for any single location on the Earth is now at the petabyte-scale. An ever-increasing capacity and computing power is needed to handle such large datasets. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a cloud-based computing platform that was established by Google to support such data processing. This facility allows for the storage, processing and analysis of spatial data using centralized high-power computing resources, allowing scientists, researchers, hobbyists and anyone else interested in such fields to mine this data and understand the changes occurring on the Earth’s surface. This book presents research that applies the Google Earth Engine in mining, storing, retrieving and processing spatial data for a variety of applications that include vegetation monitoring, cropland mapping, ecosystem assessment, and gross primary productivity, among others. Datasets used range from coarse spatial resolution data, such as MODIS, to medium resolution datasets (Worldview -2), and the studies cover the entire globe at varying spatial and temporal scales.
In the beginning, the World Wide Web was exciting and open to the point of anarchy, a vast and intimidating repository of unindexed confusion. Into this creative chaos came Google with its dazzling ...mission--"To organize the world's information and make it universally accessible"--and its much-quoted motto, "Don't be evil." In this provocative book, Siva Vaidhyanathan examines the ways we have used and embraced Google--and the growing resistance to its expansion across the globe. He exposes the dark side of our Google fantasies, raising red flags about issues of intellectual property and the much-touted Google Book Search. He assesses Google's global impact, particularly in China, and explains the insidious effect of Googlization on the way we think. Finally, Vaidhyanathan proposes the construction of an Internet ecosystem designed to benefit the whole world and keep one brilliant and powerful company from falling into the "evil" it pledged to avoid.
The Google Similarity Distance Cilibrasi, R.L.; Vitanyi, P.M.B.
IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,
03/2007, Letnik:
19, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Words and phrases acquire meaning from the way they are used in society, from their relative semantics to other words and phrases. For computers, the equivalent of "society" is "database," and the ...equivalent of "use" is "a way to search the database". We present a new theory of similarity between words and phrases based on information distance and Kolmogorov complexity. To fix thoughts, we use the World Wide Web (WWW) as the database, and Google as the search engine. The method is also applicable to other search engines and databases. This theory is then applied to construct a method to automatically extract similarity, the Google similarity distance, of words and phrases from the WWW using Google page counts. The WWW is the largest database on earth, and the context information entered by millions of independent users averages out to provide automatic semantics of useful quality. We give applications in hierarchical clustering, classification, and language translation. We give examples to distinguish between colors and numbers, cluster names of paintings by 17th century Dutch masters and names of books by English novelists, the ability to understand emergencies and primes, and we demonstrate the ability to do a simple automatic English-Spanish translation. Finally, we use the WordNet database as an objective baseline against which to judge the performance of our method. We conduct a massive randomized trial in binary classification using support vector machines to learn categories based on our Google distance, resulting in an a mean agreement of 87 percent with the expert crafted WordNet categories
As the use of analytics becomes increasingly important in today's business landscape, The Marketing Analytics Practitioner's Guide (MAPG) provides a thorough understanding of marketing management ...concepts and their practical applications, making it a valuable resource for professionals and students alike.The four-volume compendium of MAPG provides an in-depth look at marketing management concepts and their practical applications, equipping readers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively inform daily marketing decisions and strategy development and implementation. It seamlessly blends the art and science of marketing, reflecting the discipline's evolution in the era of data analytics. Whether you're a seasoned marketer or new to the field, the MAPG is an essential guide for mastering the use of analytics in modern marketing practices.Volume IV is divided into two parts - Retail and Statistics for Marketing Analytics. Retail delves into the various aspects of retail tracking, sales and distribution, retail analytics, and category management.The chapter on retail tracking covers in detail the processes that make up a retail measurement service, including the metrics supported by the service, the key benefits of the service, and how the data is interpreted.The sales and distribution chapter covers five key managerial objectives - building distribution, targeting the right channels and chains, optimizing assortment, securing retailer support, and managing stocks in trade.The retail analytics chapter covers a range of diagnostic analytic tools used to extract insights from disaggregate outlet-level data.Category management offers a framework for retailers to manage their business and for suppliers to understand the dynamics of trade marketing.Statistics for Marketing Analytics covers basic statistics, sampling, and marketing mix modelling. It aims to equip readers with the statistical knowledge and tools necessary to analyse and interpret marketing data. The chapters in this part provide a comprehensive understanding of statistical methods and their applications in marketing analytics, including sampling techniques, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis.
As the use of analytics becomes increasingly important in today's business landscape, The Marketing Analytics Practitioner's Guide (MAPG) provides a thorough understanding of marketing management ...concepts and their practical applications, making it a valuable resource for professionals and students alike.The four-volume compendium of MAPG provides an in-depth look at marketing management concepts and their practical applications, equipping readers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively inform daily marketing decisions and strategy development and implementation. It seamlessly blends the art and science of marketing, reflecting the discipline's evolution in the era of data analytics. Whether you're a seasoned marketer or new to the field, the MAPG is an essential guide for mastering the use of analytics in modern marketing practices.Volume I is focused on Brand and Consumer. Part I of this volume is dedicated to understanding the concepts and methods of brand sensing and brand equity. It delves into the analytic techniques used to track and profile brand image, and explains the key components of brand equity, how to measure it, and what factors drive it. It provides readers with a comprehensive framework for measuring and understanding brand equity and the tools to pursue its growth.Part II of this volume focuses on understanding consumers through qualitative and quantitative research methods, segmentation, customer satisfaction, customer value management, consumer panels, consumer analytics and big data. The volume covers the analytic tools used to extract insights from consumer transactions, which are becoming increasingly important in today's data-driven world. It also covers the use of consumer analytics and big data specifically within consumer markets.
As the use of analytics becomes increasingly important in today's business landscape, The Marketing Analytics Practitioner's Guide (MAPG) provides a thorough understanding of marketing management ...concepts and their practical applications, making it a valuable resource for professionals and students alike.The four-volume compendium of MAPG provides an in-depth look at marketing management concepts and their practical applications, equipping readers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively inform daily marketing decisions and strategy development and implementation. It seamlessly blends the art and science of marketing, reflecting the discipline's evolution in the era of data analytics. Whether you're a seasoned marketer or new to the field, the MAPG is an essential guide for mastering the use of analytics in modern marketing practices.Volume III is entirely dedicated to digital marketing. The first chapter, New Media, covers the impact of new media on the social, political and marketing landscape. It outlines the new rules and perspectives, leaving readers with a clear understanding of how they must adapt to succeed in the digital age.The Digital Marketing chapter covers a wide range of topics related to digital tools, techniques, processes, as well as the opportunities and challenges of digital marketing. A set of chapters on social media highlight best practices to adopt on each of the networks - Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube and LinkedIn.Search Engine Optimization (SEO) covers on-page and off-page optimization to increase inbound traffic and channel it through the digital marketing funnel. Web Analytics covers the processes that constitute a web analytics system and deals with the use of web analytics platforms such as Google Analytics to assess the effectiveness of digital marketing in attracting and converting prospects.Search Advertising covers advertising on search engines to draw prospects and lead them through the digital marketing funnel. It covers topics such as the Google auction, keyword strategies, and practices to improve the effectiveness of search advertising.The final chapter, Digital Execution, serves as a comprehensive guide to developing and executing digital marketing plans.
As the use of analytics becomes increasingly important in today's business landscape, The Marketing Analytics Practitioner's Guide (MAPG) provides a thorough understanding of marketing management ...concepts and their practical applications, making it a valuable resource for professionals and students alike.The four-volume compendium of MAPG provides an in-depth look at marketing management concepts and their practical applications, equipping readers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively inform daily marketing decisions and strategy development and implementation. It seamlessly blends the art and science of marketing, reflecting the discipline's evolution in the era of data analytics. Whether you're a seasoned marketer or new to the field, the MAPG is an essential guide for mastering the use of analytics in modern marketing practices.Volume II, Parts III to V, is dedicated to Product, Advertising, Packaging, Biometrics, Price and Promotion. Part III focuses on the product development process, covering the analytic methods and procedures used to screen ideas, concepts, and products during development, launch, and post-launch.Part IV delves into advertising, packaging, and biometrics. The fundamentals, concepts, and core themes of advertising are covered in a chapter that explains how advertising works and what makes it effective and impactful. The chapter on Advertising Analytics focuses on audience engagement, both behavioural and attitudinal, and the analytic techniques and research processes used to test and track advertising.The chapter on packaging is devoted to the analytics and research techniques employed throughout the stages of packaging development and the chapter on biometrics covers biometric techniques and the relevant technologies, devices, metrics, and applications of these techniques that are useful to practitioners.Finally, Part V deals with price and promotion, covering a variety of pricing research methods and techniques for promotions evaluation. This will help the reader to gain an understanding of the importance and application of pricing and promotions in marketing strategy.
In this article, we use Google Flu Trends data together with a sequential surveillance model based on state-space methodology to track the evolution of an epidemic process over time. We embed a ...classical mathematical epidemiology model a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model within the state-space framework, thereby extending the SEIR dynamics to allow changes through time. The implementation of this model is based on a particle filtering algorithm, which learns about the epidemic process sequentially through time and provides updated estimated odds of a pandemic with each new surveillance data point. We show how our approach, in combination with sequential Bayes factors, can serve as an online diagnostic tool for influenza pandemic. We take a close look at the Google Flu Trends data describing the spread of flu in the United States during 2003–2009 and in nine separate U.S. states chosen to represent a wide range of health care and emergency system strengths and weaknesses. This article has online supplementary materials.
Cultural data is a powerful tool to analyze public awareness of key societal issues, including the conservation of nature. I used two publicly available repositories of cultural data, Google Trends ...and Google Ngram, to quantify the effect of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List conservation status on public attention toward 4539 mammal species. With Google Trends, I calculated whether Google searches for their common and scientific names have been increasing or decreasing over time. I also ran an anomaly detection analysis to investigate whether a change in red‐list status directly results in an increase in Google searches. Additionally, I quantified the mentions of species’ common and scientific names in English texts with Google Ngram. Overall, Google searches for most mammal species remained at similar levels or increased since 2008. The severity of species’ IUCN Red List status was a significant predictor of increasing Google searches, although the effect size was relatively small. Red‐list status seemed strongly confounded with mammal body size. Species that moved to a higher‐risk category spiked significantly in Google searches directly after the new designation. The mention of species’ common names in the Google Ngram's English 2019 corpus significantly increased as the red‐list category increased. These results provide valuable insight into the importance of the IUCN Red List for increasing public awareness and the usefulness of publicly available cultural data on examining the effectiveness of specific conservation efforts and thus evaluating targets for support and funding.
Resumen
La información cultural es una herramienta importante para analizar la conciencia pública sobre los temas sociales relevantes, incluida la conservación de la naturaleza. Usé dos depósitos de información cultural, Google Trends y Google Ngram, para cuantificar el efecto que tiene el estado de la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) de 4539 especies de mamíferos sobre la atención pública que reciben. Con Google Trends calculé si las búsquedas de los nombres comunes y científicos en Google ha incrementado o disminuido con el tiempo. También apliqué un análisis de detección de anomalías para esclarecer si un cambio en el estado en la lista roja resulta directamente en un incremento de búsquedas en la plataforma. Con Google Ngram cuantifiqué las menciones de los nombres científicos y comunes de las especies en textos en inglés. En general, las búsquedas en Google para la mayoría de las especies permanecieron en niveles similares o incrementaron a partir de 2008. La severidad del estado de la especie en la Lista Roja de la UICN fue un indicador importante del incremento en las búsquedas de Google, aunque el tamaño del efecto fue relativamente pequeño. El estado en la lista roja pareció estar estrechamente relacionado con el tamaño corporal de la especie. Las especies que subían de categoría de riesgo sufrían un aumento significativo en las búsquedas de Google inmediatamente después del cambio. La mención de los nombres comunes de las especies en el corpus de 2019 de Google Ngram en inglés incrementó significativamente conforme subió la categoría en la lista roja. Estos resultados proporcionan conocimiento valioso sobre la importancia que tiene la Lista Roja de la UICN para incrementar la conciencia pública y la utilidad que tiene la información cultural disponible al público para analizar la efectividad de esfuerzos específicos de conservación y así poder evaluar los objetivos para su apoyo y financiamiento.
Efectos de las categorías de la Lista Roja de la UICN sobre la atención pública que reciben los mamíferos
New sources of citation data have recently become available, such as Microsoft Academic, Dimensions, and the OpenCitations Index of CrossRef open DOI-to-DOI citations (COCI). Although these have been ...compared to the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS), Scopus, or Google Scholar, there is no systematic evidence of their differences across subject categories. In response, this paper investigates 3,073,351 citations found by these six data sources to 2,515 English-language highly-cited documents published in 2006 from 252 subject categories, expanding and updating the largest previous study. Google Scholar found 88% of all citations, many of which were not found by the other sources, and nearly all citations found by the remaining sources (89–94%). A similar pattern held within most subject categories. Microsoft Academic is the second largest overall (60% of all citations), including 82% of Scopus citations and 86% of WoS citations. In most categories, Microsoft Academic found more citations than Scopus and WoS (182 and 223 subject categories, respectively), but had coverage gaps in some areas, such as Physics and some Humanities categories. After Scopus, Dimensions is fourth largest (54% of all citations), including 84% of Scopus citations and 88% of WoS citations. It found more citations than Scopus in 36 categories, more than WoS in 185, and displays some coverage gaps, especially in the Humanities. Following WoS, COCI is the smallest, with 28% of all citations. Google Scholar is still the most comprehensive source. In many subject categories Microsoft Academic and Dimensions are good alternatives to Scopus and WoS in terms of coverage.
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