El objetivo del artículo es dar cuenta de la producción de cacao en la gobernación de Girón y su circulación en el mercado interno neogranadino, a fines del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX. Se ...pretende reconstruir la cadena productiva (commodity chain) del cacao con los diferentes eslabones necesarios para la creación de esta mercancía. Se describen las diferentes fases necesarias para el cultivo y preparación del cacao, asimismo las relaciones sociales y comerciales necesarias entre comerciantes y agricultores que permitieron tanto la financiación como la circulación de los cultivos. Para la elaboración del trabajo se revisaron los testamentos y escrituras de deudas y pagos adelantados y registradas en el archivo notarial de Girón, al igual que los libros de alcabala de la ciudad y las guías de comercio ubicadas en el Archivo General de la Nación. La contrastación de las fuentes notariales con las fiscales permite dar cuenta de las relaciones necesarias entre comerciantes y agricultores locales, de la magnitud del comercio de cacao y su importancia dentro de la economía local al finalizar el periodo colonial.
SUMMARY
The Granada Basin in southeast Spain is an area of moderate seismicity. Yet, it hosts some of the highest seismic hazards in the Iberian Peninsula due to the presence of shallow soft ...sediments amplifying local ground motion. In urban areas, seismic measurements often suffer from sparse instrumentation. An enticing alternative to conventional seismometers is the distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology that can convert fibre-optic telecommunication cables into dense arrays of seismic sensors. In this study, we perform a shallow structure analysis using the ambient seismic field interferometry method. We conduct a DAS array field test in the city of Granada on the 26 and 27 August 2020, using a telecommunication fibre. In addition to the existing limitations of using DAS with unknown fibre-ground coupling conditions, the complex geometry of the fibre and limited data recording duration further challenge the extraction of surface-wave information from the ambient seismic field in such an urban environment. Therefore, we develop a processing scheme that incorporates a frequency–wavenumber (f−k) filter to enhance the quality of the virtual shot gathers and related multimode dispersion images. We are able to use this data set to generate several shear-wave velocity (VS) profiles for different sections of the cable. The shallow VS structure shows a good agreement with different geological conditions of soil deposits. This study demonstrates that DAS could provide insights into soil characterization and seismic microzonation in urban areas. In addition, the results contribute to a better understanding of local site response to ground motion.
Hypsometry is thought to be sensitive to tectonic uplift rates and lithology differences. In this study we calculated hypsometric integrals (HIs) using as topographic sources two digital elevation ...models of 10 and 90 m of pixel resolution in the Granada basin (SE of Spain). The HI spatial distributions do not show clear spatial patterns and do not correlate with basin parameters as mean elevation or relief amplitude. However, when exploratory spatial data analysis is applied to the data distributions through local indices of spatial autocorrelation, clear hot spots are visible that improve the geologic meaning of the HI. The distributions are robust and independent of the model resolution but are scale influenced. The application of this new method to the Granada basin shows a strong correlation between the main distribution of active normal faults in the basin and the clusters of high or low HI values obtained in our analysis. Clusters with high HI values define the uplifted footwalls of these faults and regions uplifted in relation with rollover anticlines or where epeirogenic uplift has not been counteracted by local extension. Once the method was adjusted in the Granada basin, we tested its applicability in an area of known contractive tectonic activity, central Otago, New Zealand, showing that the meaning of HI values is improved by using the autocorrelation techniques.
Introducción: La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria, crónica y multifactorial, asociada a una disbiosis de la biopelícula dental caracterizada por la progresiva destrucción del aparato de ...soporte dentario. Además del tratamiento convencional, existen distintas terapias coadyuvantes para el tratamiento de la periodontitis, entre ellas se encuentra la fitoterapia, la cual emplea plantas medicinales como Punica granatum. Esta planta posee diversas propiedades dentro de las que destacan su poder antioxidante, antiinflamatorio y antimicrobiano. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del enjuague bucal de extracto de P. granatum como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la periodontitis. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio experimental participaron 20 pacientes diagnosticados con periodontitis que recibieron tratamiento mecánico convencional; al grupo experiemental se le indicó el enjuague de P. granatum como coadyuvante dos veces al día por 15 días, al grupo control se le indicó un enjuague placebo con la misma posología. Se evaluaron: el índice de sangrado al sondaje, gingival, O´Leary y profundidad del sondaje. Resultados: Se observó mejoría estadísticamente significativa en el grupo experimental sobre el índice de sangrado al sondaje, índice gingival y la profundidad al sondaje, mientras que el índice de O´Leary mejoraron de manera similar para ambos grupos de estudio. Conclusión: El enjuague bucal de extracto de P. granatum es efectivo como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la periodontitis
The synergetic use of meteorological information, remote sensing both ground-based active (lidar) and passive (sun-photometry) techniques together with backtrajectory analysis and in-situ ...measurements is devoted to the characterization of dust intrusions. A case study of air masses advected from the Saharan region to the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula, located relatively close and far away from the dust sources, respectively, was considered for this purpose. The observations were performed over three Spanish geographically strategic stations within the dust-influenced area along a common dust plume pathway monitored from 11 to 19 of March 2008. A 4-day long dust event (13–16 March) over the Santa Cruz de Tenerife Observatory (SCO), and a linked short 1-day dust episode (14 March) in the Southern Iberian Peninsula over the Atmospheric Sounding Station "El Arenosillo" (ARN) and the Granada station (GRA) were detected. Meteorological conditions favoured the dust plume transport over the area under study. Backtrajectory analysis clearly revealed the Saharan region as the source of the dust intrusion. Under the Saharan air masses influence, AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth at 500 nm (AOD500) ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 and Ångström Exponent at 440/675 nm wavelength pair (AE440/675) was lower than 0.5, indicating a high loading and predominance of coarse particles during those dusty events. Lidar observations characterized their vertical layering structure, identifying different aerosol contributions depending on altitude. In particular, the 3-km height dust layer transported from the Saharan region and observed over SCO site was later on detected at ARN and GRA stations. No significant differences were found in the lidar (extinction-to-backscatter) ratio (LR) estimation for that dust plume over all stations when a suitable aerosol scenario for lidar data retrieval is selected. Lidar-retrieved LR values of 60–70 sr were obtained during the main dust episodes. These similar LR values found in all the stations suggest that dust properties were kept nearly unchanged in the course of its medium-range transport. In addition, the potential impact on surface of that Saharan dust intrusion over the Iberian Peninsula was evaluated by means of ground-level in-situ measurements for particle deposition assessment together with backtrajectory analysis. However, no connection between those dust plumes and the particle sedimentation registered at ground level is found. Differences on particle deposition processes observed in both Southern Iberian Peninsula sites are due to the particular dust transport pattern occurred over each station. Discrepancies between columnar-integrated and ground-level in-situ measurements show a clear dependence on height of the dust particle size distribution. Then, further vertical size-resolved observations are needed for evaluation of the impact on surface of the Saharan dust arrival to the Iberian Peninsula.
It has been detected in the Spanish language the use of the facultative reduplication of the direct complement. In the Americas, there are plenty of research works explaining the feature as a result ...of the association of the objective conjugation of the indigenous border languages, though some linguistic factors are thought to have played their role as well. In Spain, this phenomenon has lacked a thorough attention, since, in spite of the fact that a great deal of theoretical studies have been released, so far, many of them are bereft of an analysis corpus, which may cover the current social variables; and just because of that, we hereby submit this work. After having selected some Granadian postponed reduplicated samples out of PRESEEA corpus, without leaving apart leisms, we carried out a statistical approach by welding them with non-duplicated items which, though flexing clitics, the objective concordance was possible. We reached the conclusion that different linguistic variables were noteworthy, such as the non-etymological nature of unstressed direct complement, the referent genre and some specific verbs. Learning status must be further analysed, though.
En español se ha observado la presencia de la reduplicación facultativa del complemento directo. En América son abundantes los estudios que explican el rasgo por asociación de la conjugación objetiva de las lenguas indígenas de frontera, si bien también parecen influir variables lingüísticas; en España, el rasgo no se ha analizado con profusión, pues, pese a haberse publicado abundantes estudios teóricos, escasean los análisis con corpus, que atiendan a variables sociales: de ahí la aportación del presente trabajo. Tras seleccionarse una muestra de reduplicados con complemento directo léxico pospuesto granadinos en el corpus PRESEEA, en la que no se descartan leísmos, se cruzaron estadísticamente con aquellos casos no duplicados en los que, presentando clítico, la concordancia objetiva era posible. Se concluye la relevancia de las variables lingüísticas, tales como el carácter no etimológico del complemento directo átono, el género del referente y determinados verbos; la significación de una variable social, el nivel de estudios, queda aún por confirmar.
Traditionally, historiography studies about the moorish rebellion have been paying a priority attention to the Alpujarra's War, taking out importance to other similar conflicts in the kingdom of ...Granada, whose deserve a real global research. In the case of the Mountain Range of Ronda, moorish rose in rebellion in the spring of 1570 after Antonio de Luna's fateful operations. After a phase of dealt several, the war, entreed by the most violent mountain moorish, in front of the reduced rural ones, it would be led by Luis Ponce de Leon, duke of Arcos, until the beginning of 1571. During this stage, the lack of means of the new christians generated an authentic guerrilla war in which the dominion and knowledge of the territory was their main ally. After the expulsion of the moorish, the continuation of large groups of refugees in the Sierra conditioned their survival in a banditry defendant who coincides chronologically with the new repopulated stage.
Tradicionalmente la historiografía ha prestado una atención prioritaria a la guerra de las Alpujarras, restando importancia a otros conflictos del reino de trascendencia semejante, merecedores de un auténtico análisis global. En el caso de la serranía rondeña, el colectivo morisco de estas tierras se sumaría al conflicto en la primavera de 1570, tras las fatídicas operaciones de Antonio de Luna. Después de una fase de negociones, la guerra, enarbolada por los moriscos más violentos enraizados en la sierra frente a los moriscos rurales reducidos, sería dirigida por Luis Ponce de León, duque de Arcos hasta comienzos de 1571. Durante estos meses la falta de medios con que emprender el conflicto por parte de los moriscos condicionó una auténtica guerra de guerrillas en la que el dominio y conocimiento del territorio fue el principal aliado morisco. El conflicto terminó con la expulsión de los moriscos de sus tierras. Sin embargo, la continuidad de cuantiosos colectivos refugiados en la sierra condicionó su pervivencia en un acusado bandolerismo que coincide cronológicamente con la nueva etapa repobladora.
En medio de una sociedad sacralizada, la Nueva Granada del siglo XVII se constituyó como escenario en auge de la pintura colonial. Con las disposiciones de Contrarreforma y tridentinas, los manuales ...de pintura, hagiografías y láminas europeas, las representaciones sagradas se dieron bajo la mirada inquisidora de la iglesia, configurando así un discurso visual centrado en la retórica y la persuasión. Por lo tanto, considerando el término acuñado por Foucault y estudiado por Agamben de dispositivo, este artículo pretende aplicarlo al uso que dio la iglesia a la pintura como herramienta de adoctrinamiento, más específicamente como dispositivo de proto-disciplinamiento del cuerpo social, y centrando dicho dispositivo en la representación dicotómica de la risa, por un lado enmarcada en el deber ser, la sumisión, la templanza y lo sagrado, y por otro lado como síntesis de las prácticas a evitar, lo profano, los vicios y la condena eterna.
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