The yearbook 2006 deals with gender images and gender-typical expectations with which children, adolescents and young adults are confronted in the process of growing up. In addition, new perspectives ...on gender relations in the family are discussed.
The life histories and testimonies of nine Salvadoran women from different generations shape this intimate portrayal of contemporary El Salvador. The authors interviewed a grandmother, mother, and ...granddaughter from three Salvadoran families: La Familia Nuñez, members of the upper class; La Familia Rivas, from El Salvador's growing middle class; and La Familia García, from the campo, the Salvadoran peasantry. The voices we hear convey a deep sense of the world of Salvadoran women and how life is lived in that Central American country today. Each woman tells her own life story, and interspersed with recollections of childhood, marriage, and childrearing are revealing accounts of El Salvador's turbulent political past and present. Reflected in the stories are the vast changes in educational and occupational opportunities for women and the shifts in male-female relationships. Class differences are still a fundamental part of Salvadoran life, but changes are occurring in this area as well. From Grandmother to Granddaughter is a vivid and authentic portrait of today's El Salvador that convincingly illustrates how individual lives can reflect the larger changes within a society.
Over 40 thousands of Nikkei (Japanese ancestry) are in Mie Prefecture mostly as the factory workers. In the beginning many of them had planned a short-term migrant, but a part of them have decided to ...settle down in Japan while their children grew up and fit in at schools. In the cities where many foreign people live, every school board holds the career guidance for junior high school students and their parents, who don’t know well about Japanese educational systems or Japanese educational circumstances. Mie Prefecture implements the certain projects for them, through the position of the resident welfare, and one of them is the educational project called “The Career Guidance Seminar Project”. We ‘Aidensha’, the non-profit organizations for diversity of cultures, have entrusted with it from 2012. We hold seminars not only for the non-Japanese, but for various Japanese; educators, local and children’s welfare commissioners, business managers, and social welfare parties. Participants of the seminars express deep impressions and sympathy, watching the DVD, produced by Mie Prefecture, and listening to the stories of the speakers. Expanding the range of dialogue toward societies makes multicultural community, we realize and trust.
The natural history of asymptomatic unruptured aneurysms that have not been subjected to surgery was studied radiologically using MRA and MRI and 3D-CT angiography (3D-CTA) commencing in 1993. We ...report on the growth of documented asymptomatic unruptured aneurysms in three patients. Growth of the aneurysms was followed by repeated MRA, MRI and 3D-CTA. In Case 1, a 71-year-old woman had been diagnosed as having a 3 mm unruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. The size of the aneurysm had expanded to 4 mm, 2 years later. This was detected during a follow-up MRA and confirmed by angiography. After this follow-up MRA, the aneurysm showed no change in size or shape for 8 years. Case 2 was that of a 75-year-old woman who had a 4.5 mm aneurysm involving the basilar artery and the superior cerebellar artery. 12 months later, an MRA was carried out as a follow-up study. This MRA revealed that the aneurysm had developed a bleb and was expanding. 8 months later the patient bled from the aneurysm and underwent surgery, but died. Before surgery, the diameter of the aneurysm, confirmed by angiogram, was 5.5 mm including the bleb. The third patient was a 66-year-old woman who had a 7 mm internal aneurysm involving the carotid artery and the posterior communicating artery. 3 years later a 3D-CTA detected the expansion of the aneurysm and development of an aneurysm bleb. 6 years later more expansion occurred and 3 months after that the patient bled from the aneurysm and underwent clipping. At that time, the diameter of the aneurysm, confirmed by angiography, was 13 mm including the bleb. In this follow-up study, patients with diagnosed asymptomatic unruptured aneurysms were followed up by MRA and MRI and 3D-CTA to determine risk factors for aneurysm rupture. We emphasize the fact that growth of an unruptured aneurysm and formation of blebs are important risk factors of aneurysm rupture.
The natural history of the unruptured aneurysm is not clear. We retrospectively analyzed 7 cases with 10 unruptured aneurysms and in the literature 18 similar cases with 23 aneurysms that expanded or ...newly formed due to natural causes. In our series, the diameters of the aneurysms of the first angiograms were AN1 (mm) 0 to 28.63 (mean 8.40, median 6.45). Those of the last angiograms were AN2 (mm) 1.82 to 30.11 (mean 11.38, median 8.53). They were performed after 5.8 years of mean follow-up period: (=Int). The growth of the aneurysm diameter was G (mm)=AN2-AN1, 1.47 to 7.15 (2.98±2.02). The growth rate was Gratio (mm/yrs)=G/Int, 0.22 to 2.52 (0.71±0.70). In our series, 4 of 10 aneurysms were ruptured, and the remaining were intact. The mean diameter of the ruptured aneurysms expanded from AN1: 7.69 to AN2: 12.39. The unruptured ones expanded from AN1: 8.87 to AN2: 10.70. G of the ruptured aneurysm group was 4.70. The unruptured group was 1.83. Between these two Gs were significant differences. Gratio of the ruptured aneurysm group was 1.26. The unruptured group was 0.34. These two Gratios also had significant differences. In our series AN2 of the ruptured aneurysm group was 12.39. This was larger than the unruptured group (10.70). This does not contradict findings in the literature that unruptured aneurysms whose sizes are over 7mm~10mm have more risks of rupture. Together with our series and the literature's, there were 18 de novo aneurysms. Five were so called “mirror image” aneurysms, so suspected one of the causes of the de novo aneurysm was congenital defect of the media, for example. In our series the aneurysms whose Gs were equal to or grater than 2.5mm, or whose Gratios were equal to or greater than 20.49mm/years ruptured. We therefore consider 2.5mm≤G or 20.49mm/years≤Gratio as risk factors. We emphasize the need to estimate and follow up the sizes of the unruptured aneurysms with noninvasive examinations like MRA or CTA. If the sizes of the unruptured aneurysms are expanding by 2.5mm≤G or 20.49mm/years≤Gratio, the aneurysms have more risks of rupture, so some kind of surgical intevention is recommended.
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