Summary
Autoclave heating (AH) has been applied to modify the dietary fibre composition of dried brewers' spent grain (BSG) flour, which required multiple drying processes. The current study aimed to ...investigate the influence of the thermal levels and water ratio on AH, as an alternative, in altering the chemical compositions, antioxidant properties, and functionality of undried fresh BSG. The results showed that AH converted the saturated fatty acids into polyunsaturated fatty acids. AH reduced ketones and furans regardless of the water ratio while the amounts of aldehydes, alcohols, alkenes, and fatty acids depended on the water ratio. The elimination and formation of several volatile compounds were identified due to the AH depending on the water ratio. The total flavan‐3‐ols, antioxidant activities, and water‐holding capacity of BSG were improved as an impact of thermal elevation and regardless of the water ratio. In conclusion, AH treatment on fresh, undried BSG showed a beneficial performance in improving the quality of BSG for further valorisation as a value‐added by‐product.
Autoclave treatment on fresh undried spent grain on different water and temperature levels.
In the present study, polysaccharides (CHPS) were prepared from chickpea hulls by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, and the physicochemical, functional, thermal and structural ...characteristics of CHPS were investigated. The results revealed that CHPS was comprised of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose with molar percentages of 2.16, 2.96, 42.17, 9.87, 23.15, 6.29 and 13.38%, respectively. Functional analysis demonstrated that CHPS had good fat-binding, foaming and emulsifying properties. CHPS also exhibited good thermal stability. According to X-ray spectrum, CHPS was a semi-crystalline in nature which was also confirmed from scanning electron microscopic analysis. The solid-state spectrum of 13C NMR reflected that CHPS were complex and heterogeneous polymers. Moreover, CHPS showed favorable inhibitory activity against α-amylase. These findings indicated that CHPS could be exploited as a hypoglycemic agent or multi-purpose additive in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries.
•Polysaccharides (CHPS) were isolated from chickpea hulls.•CHPS showed interesting fat-binding capacity, foaming and emulsifying characteristics.•CHPS was found semi-crystalline in nature and also showed good thermal stability.•CHPS exhibited favorable inhibition against α-amylase.•CHPS have potential to be utilized as a multi-functional additive or hypoglycemic agent.
This study examines the relevance of bank board structure on bank risk-taking. Using a sample of 212 large US bank holding companies over 1997–2004 (1534 observations), this study finds that strong ...bank boards (boards reflecting more of bank shareholders interest) particularly small and less restrictive boards positively affect bank risk-taking. In contrast, CEO power (CEO’s ability to control board decision) negatively affects bank risk-taking. These results are consistent with the bank contracting environment and robust to several proxies for bank risk-takings and different estimation techniques.
•The post-crisis regulations emphasize the business complexity of banks.•Complexity weakens banks’ risk management, as evidenced by operational risk events.•These risk management weaknesses affect ...both banking and nonbanking activities.•Complexity does not significantly improve performance.•Managerial failure caused by complexity offsets the benefits of strategic risk taking.
Recent regulatory proposals tie a financial institution’s systemic importance to its complexity. However, little is known about how complexity affects banks’ risk management. Using the 1996–1999 deregulations of U.S. banks’ nonbanking activities as a natural experiment, we show that banks’ business complexity increases their operational risk. This result is driven by banks that had been constrained by regulations, compared with other banks and also with nonbank financial institutions that were never subject to these regulations. We provide evidence that managerial failure underlying these events offsets benefits of strategic risk taking.
Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists Bain, Anthony R.; Drvis, Ivan; Dujic, Zeljko ...
Experimental physiology,
1 May 2018, 2018-05-01, 2018-05-00, 20180501, Letnik:
103, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review provides an up‐to‐date assessment of the physiology involved with extreme static dry‐land breath holding in trained apneists.
What advances ...does it highlight?
We specifically highlight the recent findings involved with the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and metabolic function during a maximal breath hold in elite apneists.
Breath‐hold‐related activities have been performed for centuries, but only recently, within the last ∼30 years, has it emerged as an increasingly popular competitive sport. In apnoea sport, competition relates to underwater distances or simply maximal breath‐hold duration, with the current (oxygen‐unsupplemented) static breath‐hold record at 11 min 35 s. Remarkably, many ultra‐elite apneists are able to suppress respiratory urges to the point where consciousness fundamentally limits a breath‐hold duration. Here, arterial oxygen saturations as low as ∼50% have been reported. In such cases, oxygen conservation to maintain cerebral functioning is critical, where responses ascribed to the mammalian dive reflex, e.g. sympathetically mediated peripheral vasoconstriction and vagally mediated bradycardia, are central. In defence of maintaining global cerebral oxygen delivery during prolonged breath holds, the cerebral blood flow may increase by ∼100% from resting values. Interestingly, near the termination of prolonged dry static breath holds, recent studies also indicate that reductions in the cerebral oxidative metabolism can occur, probably attributable to the extreme hypercapnia and irrespective of the hypoxaemia. In this review, we highlight and discuss the recent data on the cardiovascular, metabolic and, particularly, cerebrovascular function in competitive apneists performing maximal static breath holds. The physiological adaptation and maladaptation with regular breath‐hold training are also summarized, and future research areas in this unique physiological field are highlighted; particularly, the need to determine the potential long‐term health impacts of extreme breath holding.
Potential diversification benefits are one reason why US financial holding companies are offering a growing range of financial services. This paper examines whether the observed shift toward ...activities that generate fees, trading revenue, and other non-interest income has improved the performance of US financial holding companies (FHCs) from 1997 to 2002. We find evidence that diversification benefits exist between FHCs, but these gains are offset by the increased exposure to non-interest activities, which are much more volatile but not necessarily more profitable than interest-generating activities. Within FHCs, however, marginal increases in revenue diversification are not associated with better performance, while marginal increases in non-interest income are still associated with lower risk-adjusted profits. The key finding that diversification gains are more than offset by the costs of increased exposure to volatile activities represents the dark side of the search for diversification benefits and has implications for supervisors, managers, investors, and borrowers.
We construct a risk management index (RMI) to measure the strength and independence of the risk management function at bank holding companies (BHCs). The U.S. BHCs with higher RMI before the onset of ...the financial crisis have lower tail risk, lower nonperforming loans, and better operating and stock return performance during the financial crisis years. Over the period 1995 to 2010, BHCs with a higher lagged RMI have lower tail risk and higher return on assets, all else equal. Overall, these results suggest that a strong and independent risk management function can curtail tail risk exposures at banks.
Bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) is life insurance purchased by bank holding companies (BHCs) for key employees, whose proceeds can be shared by the company and employees’ heirs. We investigate ...reported benefits of purchasing BOLI to shed light on the dramatic increase in BOLI assets using a sample of 2040 firm-year observations from 2004 to 2013. We document that a BHC owning BOLI enjoys an average annual earnings increase of $12.5 million and an estimated annual tax shield of $3.4 million. This tax shield is nearly twice the size of average total CEO compensation. We provide empirical evidence that BOLI complements other forms of executive compensation. We empirically test potential agency costs associated with using BOLI as compensation but find no evidence of such costs. Further investigation shows that BHCs use BOLI to attract talented executives and benefit shareholders. We conclude that the significant benefits documented in this study provide convincing rationale for the increasing use of BOLI in recent years.
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