Summary
In this study, the effect of germination in changes on total phenol, flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols and biogenic elements of raw and germinated barley parts (radicle, ...foliole and germinated grain) was investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of raw and germinated barley parts were recorded to be between 97.61 (foliole) and 164.44 mgGAE/100 g (radicle) to 38.93 (germinated barley grain) and 371.07 mg/100 g (radicle), respectively. Antioxidant capacity results (DPPH and ABTS assays) were recorded between 3.37 (germinated barley grain) and 4.82 mmol kg−1 (radicle) to 0.79 (germinated barley grain) and 2.28 mmol kg−1 (radicle), respectively. The highest total phenol and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant capacity values were detected in radicle. Catechin and kaempferol values of raw and germinated barley parts (radicle, foliole and germinated barley grain) were recorded between 5.85 (germinated barley grain) and 19.71 mg/100 g (radicle) to 3.91 (germinated barley grain) and 4.62 mg/100 g (foliole), respectively. Gallic acid results of barley samples varied between 0.72 (germinated barley grain) and 10.95 mg/100 g (radicle). The phenolic compounds detected in the highest amounts in raw and germinated barley parts were catechin, kaempferol and gallic acid. P and K results of raw (control) and germinated barley parts were recorded to be between 727.64 (foliole) and 2078.10 mg kg−1 (control) to 955.40 (germinated barley grain) and 3982.63 mg kg−1 (control), respectively. As a micro elements, Fe and Zn results of barley samples were identified between 2.95 (foliole) and 14.30 mg kg−1 (control) to 6.26 (foliole) and 24.84 mg kg−1 (control), respectively. Significant decreases in macro and micro element contents were observed during the germination of barley grain compared to the control.
In this study, the effect of germination in changes on total phenol, flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols and biogenic elements of raw and germinated barley parts (radicle, foliole and germinated grain) was investigated.
The paper presents a new usage of a commercial in–spray chamber hydride generator, Multi–mode Sample Introduction System (MSIS) as a connector of high pressure liquid chromatography and inductivity ...coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HPLC/HG–ICP–OES). This hyphenated technique was applied in a determination of inorganic and organic arsenic species. The optimization of a hydride generation process in MSIS and a chromatographic separation (using anion–exchange HPLC column with phosphate buffer as a mobile phase) were carried out compositely. The method allowed to determine three arsenic forms, As(III), As(V) and dimethylarsinate (DMA) within 400s of a single analysis. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) were 2.08 μg L−1 for As(III); 6.97 μg L−1 for As(V); 6.15 μg L−1 for DMA and precision 2.7%, 4.8%, and 5.7%, respectively, for 100 μg L−1. The described method was used for environmental and food samples analyses.
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•The new kind of interface in hyphenated technique has been applied.•The hyphenated technique HPLC-MSIS-ICP-OES had been optimized and validated.•The application for routine speciation analysis has been elaborated.
Kinetics of Fe silicates formation during iron corrosion in deaerated Si-containing solutions (Si concentrations varying from ≈0 to ≈110 mg L−1) were investigated for pH ranging from 7.5 to 10.1 at ...50 °C. All Si consumption curves showed an induction period characteristic of nucleation and growth processes involved in Fe silicate formation. The experimental data obtained at pH≈ 7.5 and pH≈ 8.1 were correctly reproduced with a simplified model considering only the growth mechanism from dissolved species. This model however failed to reproduce the results obtained at pH≈ 10.1. Improving the description of nucleation processes seems necessary to achieve a more predictive modelling.
•Fe silicate formation during Fe corrosion occurs by nucleation and growth processes.•Fe silicate formation was modeled considering only the growth from dissolved species.•The proposed model reproduces correctly the data collected at pH 7.5 and 8.1.•This model fails to reproduce the results obtained at pH≈ 10.1.
•Analysis of inorganic constituents in plants by ICP OES and GF AAS is developed.•Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Se and Zn are determined in eleven plant samples.•Teas were prepared by two methods ...(infusion and decoction).•Estimated intake of elements in teas compared with the daily recommended intake was assessed.
The determination of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), and Se by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS), has been carried out in dry matter and teas from 11 samples of the cat’s claw plant. The accuracy and precision values were verified against GBW 07604 (Poplar leaves) certified reference material and by the recovery test. Results showed a high content of Ca in the medicinal plant studied, followed by Mg and P. The values obtained showed that the elements studied have different concentrations depending on the method of tea preparation. The highest levels were observed in Ca and Mg, and the lowest for Se and Pb, by both infusion and decoction. Teas prepared from this plant were found to be at safe levels for human consumption, and may be suitable as sources of these elements in the human diet.
In forensic toxicology, precise determination of toxic trace metals in biological samples is critical. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), which has a low limit of ...detection, high sensitivity, accurate testing, and high analytical efficiency, is one of the most widely used techniques for determining the level of toxic trace metals in biological samples. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of ICP-OES in estimating cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in whole blood samples when viewed axially, dual, and radially. All the samples that were analyzed were digested in 1.5 ml HNO
3
and 2 ml H
2
O
2
. Selectivity, linearity, recovery, limits of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) were used to validate the system. Cd-axial and radial recovery values were between 82-96 and 84-97%, while Pb-axial and radial recovery values were between 85-94 and 83-99%. Dual Cd-axial and radial recovery values were between 80-92 and 82-94%, while dual Pb-axial and radial recovery values were between 77-92 and 75-96%. The results demonstrated that the axillary and radially view is preferable to the dual view when using separate axially and radially view inductively coupled plasmas (ICP). In axillary and radially views, Cd's recovery rates were better than Pb's in the separate mode, but overall they were satisfactory. The recovery values for Cd and Pb in the dual view were acceptable but not sufficient.
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•Synthesis and characterization of novel Cu (II) and Zn (II) complexes of 5-{(2-Hydroxyethyl) sulfanyl methyl}-8-hydroxyquinoline.•Both inhibitors are mixed type.•The anticorrosive ...activity of two complexes is achieved by an experimental electrochemical (EIS and PDP) and Theoretical (DFT and MD) techniques.
Two new complexes were synthesized, characterized and tested as inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl. The anticorrosive effect has been studied using the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The inhibitory efficiency increases with increasing concentration to reach 96.0% for Q-Cu and 94.6% for Q-Zn at 10−3 M. The two inhibitors are mixed type and follows the Langmuir isotherm adsorption. The surface of the mild steel has been examined by SEM/EDS and the corrosive solution by ICP-OES. DFT calculations and molecular dynamic simulation (MD) show a good correlation with the experimental results for both complexes.
•The conversion of used nuclear-grade graphite with O2 and CO2 was investigated.•Kinetic parameters were determined covering different reaction regimes.•The pore structure resistance with a rising ...degree of conversion was established.•The mechanism of particle conversion was shown.•The behavior of trace elements during the gasification of graphite was determined.
The study on the thermochemical conversion of release-measured nuclear-grade graphite recovered from the thermal column of a shut-down nuclear research reactor focuses on kinetic processes of gasification and oxidation of this graphite. More specifically, the kinetic parameters were determined and the evolution of the graphite structure during carbon conversion was investigated. For oxidation, the three conversion regimes of heterogeneous reactions in the temperature range of 500 °C to 950 °C were observed. The activation energy is approx. 288 kJ/mol in the kinetic regime limited by the chemical reaction (Regime I), approx. 185 kJ/mol in the pore diffusion regime (Regime II) and approx. 10 kJ/mol in the mass transfer regime (Regime III). With an increase of the partial pressure of oxygen, an increase of the pre-exponential factor in Regime I from 6.6 × 1012 1/s at 0.2 bar to 1.8 × 1013 1/s at 0.5 bar and to 2.0 × 1013 at 0.8 bar of oxygen was determined. A similar effect was observed in Regime II. A reaction order of 0.96 ± 0.16 was obtained for the oxidation reaction. In case of CO2 gasification at temperatures of 900 °C to 1400 °C, two regimes were identified. In Regime I, an activation energy of approx. 294 kJ/mol and a pre-exponential factor of 3.5 × 107 1/s were determined, the corresponding parameters being approx. 156 kJ/mol and 8.3 × 102 1/s for Regime II, respectively. Similar activation energy values for both oxidation and gasification reactions indicate that the structure of the nuclear graphite remains stable with proceeding carbon conversion. From the analysis of the development of the inner surface area and particle size distribution at increasing conversion rates, it can be concluded that the gasification of nuclear graphite mainly takes place on the outer surface. Using the ETV-ICP-OES analysis, it was found that the trace elements, Ca, Fe, S, V and Zn, were evaporated and no longer detectable in partially gasified nuclear graphite, whereas elements such as Ba, Cr or Mn are being accumulated in the solid residue.
•The major mineral elements of red garlic were determined using ICP-OES analysis.•Geographical classification of Italian red garlic was performed.•We built and validated efficient class models for ...four red garlic varieties.
Sixty-five samples of red garlic (Allium sativum L.) coming from four different production territories of Italy were analysed by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The garlic samples were discriminated according to the geographical origin using the content of seven elements (Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na and Sr). Both classification and class modelling methods by using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and soft independent model class analogy (SIMCA), respectively, were applied. Classification ability and modelling efficiency were evaluated on an external prediction set (21 garlic samples) designed by application of duplex Kennard-Stone algorithm. All the calibration and prediction samples were correctly classified by means of LDA. The class models developed using SIMCA exhibited high sensitivity (almost all the calibration and external samples were accepted by the respective classes) and good specificity (the majority of extraneous samples were refused by each class model).
•This is the first report on the mineral content of 30 Brassicaceae microgreens.•Macro- and minor-elemental analyses were conducted by ICP OES.•Potassium was the most abundant macroelement, followed ...by P, Ca, Mg, and Na.•Among the trace elements, Fe was highest, followed by Zn, Mn, and Cu.•Brassicaceae microgreens assayed are good sources of essential elements.
The mineral element composition was analyzed for 30 varieties of microgreens, representing 10 species within 6 genera of the Brassicaceae family. Brassicaceae microgreens were assayed for concentrations of macroelements, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and of microelements, including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). Determinations of mineral elements in microgreen samples were performed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP OES). Potassium was the most abundant macroelement ranging from 176 to 387mg/100g fresh weight (FW), followed by P (52–86mg/100g FW), Ca (28–66mg/100g FW), Mg (28–66mg/100g FW), and Na (19–68mg/100g FW). Among the microelements, Fe tended to be most abundant (0.47–0.84mg/100g FW), followed by Zn (0.22–0.51mg/100g FW), Mn (0.17–0.48mg/100g FW), and Cu (0.041–0.13mg/100g FW). Based upon the analysis of 30 varieties, the results demonstrate that microgreens are good sources of both macroelements (K and Ca) and microelements (Fe and Zn.). Consumption of microgreens could be a health-promoting strategy to meet dietary reference intake requirements for essential elements beneficial to human health.
Drought-induced forest dieback is causing reductions in productivity, increasing tree mortality and impairing terrestrial carbon uptake worldwide. However, the role played by long-term nutrient ...imbalances during drought-induced dieback is still unknown. To improve our knowledge on the relationships between dieback and nutrient imbalances, we analysed wood anatomical traits (tree-ring width and wood density), soil properties and long-term chemical information in tree-ring wood (1900–2010) by non-destructive Micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) and destructive (ICP-OES) techniques. We studied two major European conifers with ongoing drought-induced dieback in mesic (Abies alba, silver fir) and xeric (Pinus sylvestris, Scots pine) sites. In each site we compared coexisting declining (D) and non-declining (ND) trees. We used dendrochronology and generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyse trends in tree-ring nutrients and their relationships with wood traits. The D trees presented lower growth and higher minimum wood density than ND trees, corresponding to a smaller lumen area of earlywood tracheids and thus a lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity. These differences in growth and wood-anatomy were more marked in silver fir than in Scots pine. Moreover, most of the chemical elements showed higher concentrations in D than in ND trees during the last two-five decades (e.g., Mn, K and Mg), while Ca and Na increased in the sapwood of ND trees. The Mn concentrations, and related ratios (Ca:Mn, Mn:Al and P:Mn) showed the highest differences between D and ND trees for both tree species. These findings suggest that a reduced hydraulic conductivity, consistent with hydraulic impairment, is affecting the use of P in D trees, making them more prone to drought-induced damage. The retrospective quantifications of Mn ratios may be used as early-warning signals of impending dieback.
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•110-Year long series of wood-chemistry to understand drought-induced dieback.•Declining trees showed lower growth and higher minimum wood density than non-declining trees.•Alterations in wood nutrient concentrations are coherent with hydraulic failure hypothesis.•Mn, Ca:Mn and P:Mn rings content may serve as early-warning signals of dieback.
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