Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP: The Next Internet explains why the Internet Protocol (IP) has become the protocol of choice for smart object networks. IP has successfully demonstrated the ...ability to interconnect billions of digital systems on the global Internet and in private IP networks. Once smart objects can be easily interconnected, a whole new class of smart object systems can begin to evolve. The book discusses how IP-based smart object networks are being designed and deployed. The book is organized into three parts. Part 1 demonstrates why the IP architecture is well suited to smart object networks, in contrast to non-IP based sensor network or other proprietary systems that interconnect to IP networks (e.g. the public Internet of private IP networks) via hard-to-manage and expensive multi-protocol translation gateways that scale poorly. Part 2 examines protocols and algorithms, including smart objects and the low power link layers technologies used in these networks. Part 3 describes the following smart object network applications: smart grid, industrial automation, smart cities and urban networks, home automation, building automation, structural health monitoring, and container tracking. * Shows in detail how connecting smart objects impacts our lives with practical implementation examples and case studies * Provides an in depth understanding of the technological and architectural aspects underlying smart objects technology * Offers an in-depth examination of relevant IP protocols to build large scale smart object networks in support of a myriad of new services
Inositol pyrophosphates are water soluble derivatives of inositol that contain pyrophosphate or diphosphate moieties in addition to monophosphates. The best characterised inositol pyrophosphates, are ...IP₇ (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate or PP-IP₅), and IP₈ (bisdiphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate or (PP)₂-IP₄). These energy-rich small molecules are present in all eukaryotic cells, from yeast to mammals, and are involved in a wide range of cellular functions including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, DNA repair, osmoregulation, phosphate homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, immune signalling, cell cycle regulation, and ribosome synthesis. Identified more than 20 years ago, there is still only a rudimentary understanding of the mechanisms by which inositol pyrophosphates participate in these myriad pathways governing cell physiology and homeostasis. The unique stereochemical and bioenergetic properties these molecules possess as a consequence of the presence of one or two pyrophosphate moieties in the vicinity of densely packed monophosphates are likely to form the molecular basis for their participation in multiple signalling and metabolic pathways. The aim of this review is to provide first time researchers in this area with an introduction to inositol pyrophosphates and a comprehensive overview on their cellular functions.
IPv6 was introduced in 1994 and has been in development at the IETF for over 10 years. It has now reached the deployment stage. KAME, the de-facto open- source reference implementation of the IPv6 ...standards, played a significant role in the acceptance and the adoption of the IPv6 technology. The adoption of KAME by key companies in a wide spectrum of commercial products is a testimonial to the success of the KAME project, which concluded not long ago. This book is the first and the only one of its kind, which reveals all of the details of the KAME IPv6 protocol stack, explaining exactly what every line of code does and why it was designed that way. Through the dissection of both the code and its design, the authors illustrate how IPv6 and its related protocols have been interpreted and implemented from the specifications. This reference will demystify those ambiguous areas in the standards, which are open to interpretation and problematic in deployment, and presents solutions offered by KAME in dealing with these implementation challenges. * Covering a snapshot version of KAME dated April 2003 based on FreeBSD 4.8 * Extensive line-by-line code listings with meticulous explanation of their rationale and use for the KAME snapshot implementation, which is generally applicable to most recent versions of the KAME IPv6 stack including those in recent releases of BSD variants * Numerous diagrams and illustrations help in visualizing the implementation * In-depth discussion of the standards provides intrinsic understanding of the specifications
The biologically discovered intrinsic plasticity (IP) learning rule, which changes the intrinsic excitability of an individual neuron by adaptively turning the firing threshold, has been shown to be ...crucial for efficient information processing. However, this learning rule needs extra time for updating operations at each step, causing extra energy consumption and reducing the computational efficiency. The event-driven or spike-based coding strategy of spiking neural networks (SNNs), i.e., neurons will only be active if driven by continuous spiking trains, employs all-or-none pulses (spikes) to transmit information, contributing to sparseness in neuron activations. In this article, we propose two event-driven IP learning rules, namely, input-driven and self-driven IP, based on basic IP learning. Input-driven means that IP updating occurs only when the neuron receives spiking inputs from its presynaptic neurons, whereas self-driven means that IP updating only occurs when the neuron generates a spike. A spiking convolutional neural network (SCNN) is developed based on the ANN2SNN conversion method, i.e., converting a well-trained rate-based artificial neural network to an SNN via directly mapping the connection weights. By comparing the computational performance of SCNNs with different IP rules on the recognition of MNIST, FashionMNIST, Cifar10, and SVHN datasets, we demonstrate that the two event-based IP rules can remarkably reduce IP updating operations, contributing to sparse computations and accelerating the recognition process. This work may give insights into the modeling of brain-inspired SNNs for low-power applications.
The present review will explore the insights gained into inositol pyrophosphates in the 20 years since their discovery in 1993. These molecules are defined by the presence of the characteristic 'high ...energy' pyrophosphate moiety and can be found ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells. The enzymes that synthesize them are similarly well distributed and can be found encoded in any eukaryote genome. Rapid progress has been made in characterizing inositol pyrophosphate metabolism and they have been linked to a surprisingly diverse range of cellular functions. Two decades of work is now beginning to present a view of inositol pyrophosphates as fundamental, conserved and highly important agents in the regulation of cellular homoeostasis. In particular it is emerging that energy metabolism, and thus ATP production, is closely regulated by these molecules. Much of the early work on these molecules was performed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, but the development of mouse knockouts for IP6K1 and IP6K2 IP6K is IP6 (inositol hexakisphosphate) kinase in the last 5 years has provided very welcome tools to better understand the physiological roles of inositol pyrophosphates. Another recent innovation has been the use of gel electrophoresis to detect and purify inositol pyrophosphates. Despite the advances that have been made, many aspects of inositol pyrophosphate biology remain far from clear. By evaluating the literature, the present review hopes to promote further research in this absorbing area of biology.
Satellite communications are characterized by long delays, packet losses, and sometimes intermittent connectivity and link disruptions. The TCP/IP stack is ineffective against these impairments and ...even dedicated solutions, such as performance enhancing proxies (PEPs), can hardly tackle the most challenging environments, and create compatibility issues with current security protocols. An alternative solution arises from the delay- and disruption-tolerant networking (DTN) architecture, which specifies an overlay protocol, called bundle protocol (BP), on top of either transport protocols (TCP, UDP, etc.), or of lower layer protocols (Bluetooth, Ethernet, etc.). The DTN architecture provides long-term information storage on intermediate nodes, suitable for coping with disrupted links, long delays, and intermittent connectivity. By dividing the end-to-end path into multiple DTN hops, in a way that actually extends the TCP-splitting concept exploited in most PEPs, DTN allows the use of specialized protocols on the satellite (or space) links. This paper discusses the prospects for use of DTN in future satellite networks. We present a broad DTN overview, to make the reader familiar with the characteristics that differentiate DTN from ordinary TCP/IP networking, compare the DTN and PEP architectures and stacks, as a preliminary step for the subsequent DTN performance assessment carried out in practical LEO/GEO satellite scenarios. DTN security is studied next, examining the advantages over present satellite architectures, the threats faced in satellite scenarios, and also open issues. Finally, the relation between DTN and quality of service (QoS) is investigated, by focusing on QoS architectures and QoS tools and by discussing the state of the art of DTN research activity in modeling, routing, and congestion control.
지식재산(IP) 금융은 다수의 이해관계자의 합의, 지식재산 인프라의 조화로운 발전, 각 방면의 시장 성숙과 정부의 지원정책 등 다양한 요소가 유기적으로 연계되어 작동한다. IP 금융 활성화를 위해서는 이를 뒷받침할 체계적인 인프라 구축이 선행되어야 한다. 또한, IP 금융 인프라 구축을 위한 프레임워크로서, 우선 지식재산이 기업의 자산으로 금융거래의 ...대상이 될 수 있도록 지식재산을 담보권 설정의 목적물로 인정하는 법적 근거가 마련되어야 한다. 권리의 변동을 외부에 공시할 수 있는 공시제도를 갖추어야 하며, 지식재산의 가치가 회계적으로 기업의 재무상태표에 반영될 수 있도록 회계처리 및 금융보고기준이 개선되어야 한다. 다음으로 지식재산에 대한 정확하고 신뢰성 있는 가치평가 시스템이 구축되어야 하며 IP 가치평가 기법의 고도화가 이루어져야 한다. 또한 금융거래의 목적물인 지식재산이 거래될 수 있는 시장이 조성되어야 하며, 동시에 IP 금융 모델을 다양화하고 금융기법을 고도화하는 것이 필요하며, 나아가 정부는 IP 금융을 활성화하기 위한 적절한 정책적 지원을 제공하여야 할 것이다. IP 금융 인프라 구축 프레임워크는 최종적으로 IP 금융이 시장에서 유기적으로 작동하는 금융생태계 조성을 목표로 하여야 할 것이다. 본 논문은 IP 금융 인프라 구축을 위한 프레임워크를 단계별로 검토함으로써 우리나라 IP 금융 활성화의 장애요인과 개선방안을 모색하고 국제개발 협력의 측면에서 IP 금융 도입을 추진하는 개발도상국들과의 협력을 위한 가이드라인을 도출하고자 한다.
Intellectual property (IP) finance functions through a complex interplay of various factors, including consensus among multiple stakeholders, cohesive development of IP infrastructure, maturation of different market aspects, and supportive government policies. To activate IP finance in a systematic manner, it is crucial to establish a strong IP finance infrastructure. This entails creating a legal framework that recognizes IP as a viable asset for financial transactions, acknowledging it as the subject of security interests. In addition, implementing a transparent disclosure system is necessary to publicly communicate any changes in IP rights, while improvements in accounting practices and financial reporting standards are essential for accurately reflecting the value of IP in a company's financial statements.
Furthermore, establishing a precise and reliable system for valuing IP is of utmost importance, necessitating ongoing advancements in IP valuation techniques. It is also vital to foster a thriving IP market by diversifying IP finance models and advancing financial methodologies. The government plays a key role in providing appropriate policy support to encourage the activation of IP finance. Ultimately, the framework for IP finance infrastructure should aim to create a harmonious financial ecosystem where IP finance operates seamlessly in the market.
Over the years, the Internet has been enriched with new available communication technologies, for both fixed and mobile networks and devices, exhibiting an impressive growth in terms of performance, ...with steadily increasing available data rates. The Internet research community has kept trying to evolve the transport layer protocols to match the capabilities of modern networks, in order to fully reap the benefits of the new communication technologies. This paper surveys the main novelties related to transport protocols that have been recently proposed, identifying three main research trends: (i) the evolution of congestion control algorithms, to target optimal performance in challenging scenarios, possibly with the application of machine learning techniques; (ii) the proposal of brand new transport protocols, alternative to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and implemented in the user-space; and (iii) the introduction of multipath capabilities at the transport layer.
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