IPv4 is the most widely used protocol on the Internet, and its address space is 232. In the early stage of the Internet, due to the underestimation of the development of Internet, IP resources were ...very limited. By 2010, there was no address that could be allocated. In order to solve the problem of insufficient addresses, the IETF designed the next generation IPv6 protocol to replace IPv4, IPv6 has 2128 addresses in theory, and however, only one-eighth of the addresses can actually be allocated to end users. At present, 128 barcodes are already having 128 bits, and it cannot be covered, so IPv6 have some considerable limitations. In 1998, Chinese researcher proposed IPV9. In order to distinguish from IPv4 and IPv6, the V in IPV9 is uppercase, not lowercase. The IPV9 includes three technologies: a new address coding design, a new addressing mechanism and a new address architecture design. These technologies constitute the core technology system at the bottom of the new generation IP network. The new network framework designed on this basis can form a network system that is connected and compatible with existing networks. IPV9 is not a simple upgrade of IPv4 or IPv6 and its address space is 10256 by default. The massive address can meet the needs of human activities about 750 years, this paper will introduce the characteristics of the future network, and comparison the system between the IPv4, IPv6 and IPV9, and lay a solid foundation for the subsequent development.
The rapid development of information and communication technologies has increased the demand for internet-facing devices that require publicly accessible internet protocol (IP) addresses, resulting ...in the depletion of internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) address space. As a result, internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) was designed to address this issue. However, IPv6 is still not widely used because of security concerns. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is one example of a security mechanism used to secure networks. Lately, the use of machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL) detection models in IDSs is gaining popularity due to their ability to detect threats on IPv6 networks accurately. However, there is an apparent lack of studies that review ML and DL in IDS. Even the existing reviews of ML and DL fail to compare those techniques. Thus, this paper comprehensively elucidates ML and DL techniques and IPv6-based distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Additionally, this paper includes a qualitative comparison with other related works. Moreover, this work also thoroughly reviews the existing ML and DL-based IDSs for detecting IPv6 and IPv4 attacks. Lastly, researchers could use this review as a guide in the future to improve their work on DL and ML-based IDS.
Una dirección IP es un número asignado a cada aparato conectado a Internet que permite identificar el destino del tráfico por la web en todo el mundo. Es un hecho que las direcciones IP basadas en la ...actual versión del protocolo IPv4 se terminarán en corto plazo, proceso que ha sido denominado agotamiento en direcciones IP. Este artículo tiene como finalidad dar a conocer los procesos y etapas que involucran el agotamiento de direcciones del protocolo IPv4 en la región Latinoamericana y las directrices a seguir establecidas por el Registro de Direcciones de Internet para América Latina y el Caribe (LACNIC), con el objetivo de realizar cambios en los procedimientos de asignación dependiendo de la etapa de agotamiento donde uno se encuentre.
Routing loops forward packets over the same set of routers again and again. The packets, if caught in such a loop, do not only miss the intended destinations, but might also congest links between or ...even overload involved routers and render additional destinations whose (non-looping) paths include these routers unreachable. Given their potential impact on performance and availability, the situation of long-lasting (persistent) routing loops in today’s Internet is unknown. Comprehensive measurement studies of this phenomenon (in the IPv4 Internet) date back to 2005; studies considering the successor protocol IPv6 – already accounting for more than one third of the Internet’s total traffic – are lacking.
In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive measurement study to determine the status quo of persistent routing loops in today’s Internet — the first-ever considering IPv6, and the first for IPv4 since 2005. We carefully extended the methodology from 2005, including multiple successive measurements, and adapted it for IPv6. Our results reveal that routing loops are still a matter of concern: in total, we found 23,208persistent loops in IPv4 and 30,090in IPv6, rendering 0.91% (IPv4), resp. 2.20% (IPv6), of the current Internet – as announced in BGP – unreachable. Another 7.18% (IPv4), resp. 23.00% (IPv6), are at risk to become unreachable in presence of an attack, yielding an overall higher threat potential for the IPv6 protocol. In comparison to the 2005 study, the situation has become more complex: As a consequence of IPv4 address scarcity, the number of ex ante unreachable addresses has decreased by 19.81% (despite the fact that the number of BGP announced addresses has more than doubled); at the same time, the number of addresses endangered by persistent routing loops has sharply increased (+1,907.58%) due to individual routers serving more addresses.
Steganography is a technique of hiding secret data inside a cover. The most popularly used cover media include images, videos, audios, documents and network protocols. Network Steganography is a ...technique that uses common network protocols (the header field, the payload field or both) to hide a secret message. TCP/IP protocol suite has been a potential target for network steganography from the very beginning. It has a lot of possibilities for creation of hidden channels that can be used to communicate covertly. In this paper, we propose a technique that creates a covert channel using the Overflow field of Timestamp option of Internet Protocol, version 4 over a Local Area Network. This technique implements a storage based network steganography that uses the timestamp option which is used for debugging and measurement over the networks. In this technique, we use legitimate values in the Overflow field which makes it difficult to detect the possibility of covert communication.
Packet classification, i.e., the process of categorizing packets into flows, is a first-class citizen in any networking device. Every time a new packet has to be processed, one or more header fields ...need to be compared against a set of pre-installed rules. This is done for basic forwarding operations, to apply security policies, application-specific processing, or quality-of-service guarantees. A lot of research efforts have identified better lookup techniques, i.e., finding the best match between packet headers and rules, by capitalizing on the rule sets characteristics. Here, ClassBench has greatly served the community by enabling the generation of IPv4 rule sets. In this paper, we present a new tool, ClassBench-ng, that creates synthetic IPv4, IPv6, and OpenFlow rules. We start from an analysis of classification rules deployed in-the-wild and we use the findings to craft our solution. ClassBench-ng can generate a user-defined number of rules as well as an associated header trace matching them. Compared to state-of-the-art solutions, the rule set generation process is usually more accurate and it is able to produce rules matching a number of different use cases, i.e., from an IPv4 router to an OpenFlow switch, which is unique among current rule set generation tools.
ABSTRAK Integrasikan jaringan IPv4 dan jaringan IPv6 dapat dilakukan dengan salah satu cara yakni teknik tunneling. Teknik tunnel yang dipakai dan diimplementasikan dalam penelitian ini adalah tunnel ...IPv4 over IPv6 dan IPv6 over IPv4, yang akan akan menganalisa nilai Quality Of Service (QOS) dengan parameter pengukur seperti kecepatan upload, download, delay, paket loss, troughput dan juga jitter. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada saat download file dari server ke client dengan menggunakan aplikasi network analyzer yakni wireshark. Dari penerapan teknik tunneling di Lab Terpadu Teknik Komputer Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa pada saat download file hampir semua parameter QOS menunjukan nilai terbaik pada IPv6 over IPv4, walaupun terdapat selisih yang tidak besar. Ini diakibatkan lingkungan tesbed yang kurang kompleks. Analysis QOS (Quality of Services) on The Implementation of IPV4 and IPV6 by Tunneling Techniques ABSTRACT Integrate IPv4 networks and IPv6 networks can be done in a way that tunneling techniques. Tunnel technique used and implemented in this study is the tunnel IPv4 over IPv6 and IPv6 over IPv4, which will be analyzed the value of Quality Of Service (QOS) with measuring parameters such as upload speed, download, delay, packet loss, throughput and jitter. Data is collected at the time of downloading files from the server to the client application using the Wireshark network analyzer. From the application tunneling techniques in Integrated Lab Computer Engineering University of Muhammadiyah Surabaya lead to the conclusion that at present almost all the file download QOS parameters showed the best value on IPv6 over IPv4, although there is a difference that was not great. This is due to tesbed less complex environment. Keywords: Tunneling techniques, IPv4, IPv6, QOS.
IPv4 Transfer Markets have recently emerged as a mechanism for prolonging the usability of IPv4 address space. They facilitate the trading of IPv4 address space, which constitutes a radical shift ...transforming IPv4 addresses from a free resource to a commodity. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of all IPv4 transfers that are published by three regional Internet registries. We analyze the overall evolution of transfer markets, whether they lead to a healthy redistribution of IP addresses, and the interplay between transfers and IPv6 adoption. We find that, to a large extent, IPv4 transfers serve their intended purpose by moving IP blocks from those with excess to those in need - transferred address blocks appear to be routed after the transfer, the utilization of transferred blocks is greater after the transfer date and a high percentage of the transferred space comes from legacy space. We have also proposed a methodology for detecting IPv4 transfers in the wild that tracks changes in origins of IP prefixes in the global routing table. This method yields promising results, yet it produces a large number of false positives due to the noisy nature of routing data. We have investigated the cause of these false positives and verified that they can be reduced to a volume analyzable by a human operator.
The Shortcomings of Ipv6 and Upgrade of Ipv4 Wang, Tao; Gao, Jiaqiong
International journal of advanced network, monitoring, and controls,
03/2019, Letnik:
4, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
IPv6 is to solve the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion, with the development of the Internet of things, big data and cloud storage and other technologies, these technologies are gradually applied in ...recent years, the continuous development of new technologies application show that the IPv6 address structure design ideas have some fatal defects. This paper proposed a route to upgrade the original IPv4 by studying on the structure of IPv6 “spliced address”, and point out the defects in the design of IPv6 interface ID and the potential problems such as security holes.
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