The current global Internet USES the TCP/IP protocol cluster. IP is the network layer protocol and the core protocol in this protocol family. The current version is IPv4 with 32-bit addresses. With ...the popularity of Internet applications, the limited address space defined by IPv4 has been exhausted. To expand the address space, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has designed the next generation IP protocol, IPv6, to replace IPv4. IPv6 redefines the address space, using a 128-bit address length that provides almost unlimited addresses. However, with the development and application of the Internet of things, big data and cloud storage, IPv6 has some shortcomings in its address structure design, security and network sovereignty, so it is urgent to develop a new generation or future internet with security and reliability, autonomy and controllable, and it becomes a research hotspot in the world.
This paper developed a new generation Internet (IPV9) datagram by researching the existed IPv4 and IPv6, and it is based on the method of assigning addresses to computers connected to the Internet by full decimal character code which designed by the Chinese Decimal Network Working Group with the leader of Xie Jianping. It is a subsequent version with RFC1606, RFC1607, a new generation of network data structure, it is not the updating of IPv4 RFC - 791 and IPv6 RFC - 1883, RFC - 2464, it is a new vision to demonstration and testing.
The growth of the Internet has made IPv4 addresses a scarce resource. Due to slow IPv6 deployment, IANA-level IPv4 address exhaustion was reached before the world could transition to an IPv6-only ...Internet. The continuing need for IPv4 reachability will only be supported by IPv4 address sharing. This paper reviews ISP-level address sharing mechanisms, which allow Internet service providers to connect multiple customers who share a single IPv4 address. Some mechanisms come with severe and unpredicted consequences, and all of them come with tradeoffs. We propose a novel classification, which we apply to existing mechanisms such as NAT444 and DS-Lite and proposals such as 4rd, MAP, etc. Our tradeoff analysis reveals insights into many problems including: abuse attribution, performance degradation, address and port usage efficiency, direct intercustomer communication, and availability.
Measuring IPv6 adoption Czyz, Jakub; Allman, Mark; Zhang, Jing ...
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM conference on SIGCOMM,
01/2014
Conference Proceeding
Odprti dostop
After several IPv4 address exhaustion milestones in the last three years, it is becoming apparent that the world is running out of IPv4 addresses, and the adoption of the next generation Internet ...protocol, IPv6, though nascent, is accelerating. In order to better understand this unique and disruptive transition, we explore twelve metrics using ten global-scale datasets to create the longest and broadest measurement of IPv6 adoption to date. Using this perspective, we find that adoption, relative to IPv4, varies by two orders of magnitude depending on the measure examined and that care must be taken when evaluating adoption metrics in isolation. Further, we find that regional adoption is not uniform. Finally, and perhaps most surprisingly, we find that over the last three years, the nature of IPv6 utilization-in terms of traffic, content, reliance on transition technology, and performance-has shifted dramatically from prior findings, indicating a maturing of the protocol into production mode. We believe IPv6's recent growth and this changing utilization signal a true quantum leap.
Exhaustion of the IPv4 address space is driving mitigation technologies, such as carrier-grade NAT or IPv6. Understanding this driver requires knowing how much allocated IPv4 space is actively used ...over time – a non-trivial goal due to privacy concerns and practical measurement challenges. To address this gap we present a collaborative and privacy-preserving capture-recapture (CR) technique for estimating IP address space utilisation. Public and private datasets of IP addresses observed by multiple independent collaborators can be combined for CR analysis, without any individual collaborator’s privately observed addresses leaking to the others. We show that CR estimation is much more accurate than assuming all used addresses are observed, and that our scheme scales well to datasets of over a billion addresses across several collaborators. We estimate that 1.2 billion IPv4 addresses and 6.5 million /24 subnets were actively used at the end of 2014, and also analyse address usage depending on RIR and country.
It is becoming apparent that the next-generation IP route lookup architecture needs to achieve speeds of 100 Gb/s and beyond while supporting IPv4 and IPv6 with fast real-time updates to accommodate ...ever-growing routing tables. Some of the proposed multibit-trie-based schemes, such as TreeBitmap, have been used in today's high-end routers. However, their large data structures often require multiple external memory accesses for each route lookup. A pipelining technique is widely used to achieve high-speed lookup with the cost of using many external memory chips. Pipelining also often leads to poor memory load-balancing. In this paper, we propose a new IP route lookup architecture called FlashTrie that overcomes the shortcomings of the multibit-trie-based approaches. We use a hash-based membership query to limit off-chip memory accesses per lookup and to balance memory utilization among the memory modules. By compacting the data structure size, the lookup depth of each level can be increased. We also develop a new data structure called Prefix-Compressed Trie that reduces the size of a bitmap by more than 80%. Our simulation and implementation results show that FlashTrie can achieve 80-Gb/s worst-case throughput while simultaneously supporting 2 M prefixes for IPv4 and 318 k prefixes for IPv6 with one lookup engine and two Double-Data-Rate (DDR3) SDRAM chips. When implementing five lookup engines on a state-of-the-art field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip and using 10 DDR3 memory chips, we expect FlashTrie to achieve 1-Gpps (packet per second) throughput, equivalent to 400 Gb/s for IPv4 and 600 Gb/s for IPv6. FlashTrie also supports incremental real-time updates.
The assumption that IPv6 will inevitably replace IPv4 as the dominant network layer protocol on the Internet is almost universal. A failure of IPv6 to diffuse is thought to have far-reaching and ...long-lasting economic and social consequences, yet there have been no prior analyses of the dual-stacking transition mechanism by which IPv6 diffusion is expected to be achieved in order to understand whether it is likely to succeed. Guided by economic theory, this paper presents such an analysis, and concludes that the dual-stacking transition strategy is unlikely to work, leaving the Internet with no workable means of achieving migration to IPv6. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for regulatory and policy bodies, end-user organisations and network operators.
The use of CGNAT at PT. ZYX as a mobile telecommunication service provider cannot be relied as the solution to solve addressing needs against subscriber growth in future technology. Meanwhile, native ...IPv6 deployment is currently application-driven, which requires maturity support in either subscriber user equipment, network, and application itself. IPv4/IPv6 dual stack deployment was selected by PT. ZYX as stepping stone towards native IPv6 deployment. This paper analyzes the impact of dual stack IPv4/IPv6 deployment for mobile subscribers at PT. ZYX. After selecting the dual stack approach and completing the deployment, test and measurements were performed to confirm the connectivity also against the performance and node utilization to conclude the impact. The test confirmed successful connectivity and the measurements showed that the deployment gives significant enhancement of routing table size and NAT table in node utilization and does not cause performance drop of hop count, throughput, and download time.
The use of IPv4 which has more than 30 years led to the capacity of available addresses is running out availability. Currently emerging new generation IP (IPnext generation) is IPv6. Many methods for ...the implementation of IPv6, one with tunneling. 6to4 is a tunneling method that can be directly implemented on an IPv4 network. This study compared the performance level of a pure IPv4 network, IPv6 6to4 tunneling with pure and searching FTP throughput performance. Throughput results obtained pure IPv6 is smaller than the value of 42.9% pure IPv4 throughput, 6to4 tunneling is smaller than 39.4% pure IPv4 and IPv6 pure value 53.626% greater throughput than 6to4 tunneling configuration.
IPv6, the new version of the Internet protocol, has been developed to provide new services and to support the Internet's growth. This paper presents an overview of the key security issues, which ...outlines the challenges in deploying and transitioning to IPv6.
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