History in exile Ballinger, Pamela
2018., 20180605, 2018, 2002
eBook
In the decade after World War II, up to 350,000 ethnic Italians were displaced from the border zone between Italy and Yugoslavia known as the Julian March. History in Exile reveals the subtle yet ...fascinating contemporary repercussions of this often overlooked yet contentious episode of European history. Pamela Ballinger asks: What happens to historical memory and cultural identity when state borders undergo radical transformation? She explores displacement from both the viewpoints of the exiles and those who stayed behind. Yugoslavia's breakup and Italy's political transformation in the early 1990s, she writes, allowed these people to bring their histories to the public eye after nearly half a century. Examining the political and cultural contexts in which this understanding of historical consciousness has been formed, Ballinger undertakes the most extensive fieldwork ever done on this subject--not only around Trieste, where most of the exiles settled, but on the Istrian Peninsula (Croatia and Slovenia), where those who stayed behind still live. Complementing this with meticulous archival research, she examines two sharply contrasting models of historical identity yielded by the "Istrian exodus": those who left typically envision Istria as a "pure" Italian land stolen by the Slavs, whereas those who remained view it as ethnically and linguistically "hybrid." We learn, for example, how members of the same family, living a short distance apart and speaking the same language, came to develop a radically different understanding of their group identities. Setting her analysis in engaging, jargon-free prose, Ballinger concludes that these ostensibly very different identities in fact share a startling degree of conceptual logic.
•Palaeosol associated with Upper Jurassic unconformity hosts glauconite.•Glauconite formed by halmyrolysis of a palaeosol.•Formation of glauconite was microbially mediated.•Glauconite may mark ...initial flooding of subaerially exposed terrain.•Glauconite as an indicator of paleolandscape and paleoenvironment.
Glauconite formation is generally perceived as a process occurring in deep-marine environments, but in the last few decades its formation in shallow-marine environments is progressively more recognised and utilized for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. One such example is the lower Kimmeridgian to upper Tithonian Zlatni Rt palaeosol, which is especially unique since the glauconite occurrence is hosted within the palaeosol material. Micromorphological, mineralogical, and chemical characterisation of the palaeosol was followed by the detailed analysis and description of glauconite using SEM-EDS, XRPD and FTIR. In addition, lithofacies and micropalaeontological analyses have been carried out on the carbonate succession under- and overlying the palaeosol in order to better understand the stratigraphic framework. The palaeosol formed in hydromorphic conditions, in contact with brackish to marine porewater, and is composed of mixed-layer illite–smectite, illite, kaolinite, vermiculite, pyrite, marcasite and titanium oxides. The glauconite was formed after the formation of the palaeosol, predominantly through fixation of potassium and iron into illite and mixed–layer illite–smectite, while part of the glauconite formed authigenically, with evidence for microbial influence. The glauconite is present in a more oxidised and more reduced form, which alternate together with pyrite in veins, indicating fluctuations in the redox potential. This can be connected to the variations in the supply of organic matter and sea-level oscillations during the initial stages of the transgression. Glauconite formation was locally followed by the formation of transgressive breccias and a complete drowning of the area. During this phase lagoonal Kirmenjak limestone was deposited throughout the area, while in the palaeosol coarse pyrite crystals precipitated. Presented study documents a unique glauconite occurrence and proposes that it can be successfully used for the detailed palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the initial flooding of subaerially exposed terrains.
•Relict tropical soil properties preserved in present-day humid subtropical climate.•Multiple evidence of polygenesis in a 3-meters-deep terra rossa soil profile.•Clay distribution along the soil ...profile clearly indicates lithic discontinuities.•Ferralitization and lessivage processes diagnosed throughout the terra rossa profile.•Fine clay dominated by authigenic kaolinite nanoparticles.
Terra rossa soils on the Istrian peninsula are generally considered polygenetic relict soils. They overlie and mark the youngest subaerial unconformity in the northwestern part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform and are susceptible to erosional and redepositional processes. Terra rossa soils represent a valuable archive of information that can be used to understand present and past soil formation processes in the context of climate variability and landscape dynamics, especially in low-lying parts of the karst landscape where thicker deposits are typically found. We studied a 3 m thick terra rossa profile in a karst depression on the northernmost part of the southwestern Istrian planation surface and analysed the micromorphology, physical/chemical properties, geochemistry, bulk and clay mineralogy, and composition of heavy and light mineral fractions. The profile shows several signs of colluviation and polygenesis with clay distribution along the profile, clearly indicating lithic discontinuities. Kaolinisation, along with iron oxide formation, is the dominant process in the studied profile. Ferralitisation and lessivage processes were diagnosed throughout the profile, with intense clay translocation occurring despite the extremely stable soil microaggregates. In accordance with the WRB system, the profile is classified as Rhodic Lixisol (Clayic, Aric, Cutanic). This implies that some terra rossa soils, previously classified as e.g. Cambisols or Luvisols, might actually be Lixisols or other (sub-)tropical soils (e.g. Nitisols), in which relict properties are preserved in the present climate. The finding of a Lixisol in the study area indicates the old age of the surface of the karst depression and provides the first data on the burial history of the southwestern Istrian planation surface. We suggest the older Quaternary interglacials, the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (Pliocene) and the Miocene Climatic Optimum as favourable periods for the formation of the studied soil.
Stanje ribarstva u neposrednim poslijeratnim godinama u Istri za vrijeme Vojne uprave Jugoslavenske armije od 1945. do 1947. godine nije se često javljalo kao istraživačka tema. Problem svakako leži ...i u maloj količini arhivskoga gradiva koje se dotiče ove teme. S obzirom, dakle, na ograničen prostorni i vremenski okvir teme ovoga rada u uvodnim se poglavljima pruža kratak osvrt na stanje ribarstva i industrije prerade ribe u Istri u razdoblju od pokretanja prerađivačke ribarske industrije (kraj 19. st.) pa do kraja Drugoga svjetskog rata, a potom detaljnije na ponovno pokretanje rada te industrije neposredno po svršetku rata. U radu se ukazuje na neke od brojnih izazova s kojima se poslijeratna vlast suočila u obnovi i organizaciji samoga ribolova te u industriji prerade ribe. Za pokretanje ribarstva nužan je preduvjet bila uspostava suradnje sa svim uključenim sudionicima toga procesa. Taj zadatak nije se moglo postići isključivo strogim i tvrdim nametanjem nove
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, već postupnim upoznavanjem stanovništva s promjenama koje su nastupale i koje će utjecati na sve društvene procese. »Popularizacija« budućega privrednog napretka zemlje obuhvatila je i ribarstvo te se i u toj industrijskoj grani od svih uključenih, počevši od samih ribara pa do zaposlenih u prerađivačkim pogonima, očekivao doprinos u izgradnji bolje ekonomske budućnosti. Vlasti su svojim prvim potezima prvenstveno išle prema uspostavi reda i nadzora nad novim područjem te prema obuhvatnom uvidu u stanje gospodarskih resursa Istre. Komunističke su vlasti poduzimale napore da tehnološki unaprijede i olakšaju uvjete rada i ribolova i prerade. Uz pružanje pomoći ribarima jednako su tako kontinuirano ulagani napori u stvaranje boljih uvjeta i nesmetana rada u tvornicama za preradu. Poseban je izazov predstavljao nedostatak cjelogodišnjih zaliha potrebnih za kontinuiranu proizvodnju, potom pomanjkanje radne snage, pogotovo stručnoga kadra, te problem plasmana gotovih proizvoda. Ovo su bile stalne prepreke za koje su poslijeratne vlasti morale tražiti i stalno iznalaziti odgovarajuća rješenja. Gradivo fonda HR-DAPA-79 Oblasni narodni odbor za Istru (1945-1947) sadrži dokumente koji svjedoče o procesu obnove gospodarske djelatnosti u Istri, a samim time omogućuju detaljniju rekonstrukciju toga procesa.
The state of fisheries in the immediate post-war years in Istria during the Military Administration of the Yugoslav Army between 1945 and 1947 did not often arise as a research topic. The problem certainly lies also in the small amount of archival material addressing this topic. Given, therefore, the limited spatial and temporal framework of the topic of this paper, the introductory chapters provide a brief overview of the state of fishing and the fish processing industry in Istria in the period from the start of the fishing industry (end of the 19th century) until the end of the Second World War, and then, in more detail, of the resumption of the activities of that industry immediately after the end of the war. The paper points out some of the numerous challenges that the post-war government faced in the reconstruction and organization of fishing and the fish processing industry. The establishment of cooperation with all stakeholders in the process was a necessary prerequisite for the relaunching of fishing. This task could not be achieved solely by a strict and harsh imposition of a new doctrine, but by gradually familiarizing the population with the changes which were being introduced and which would affect all social processes. The "popularization" of the country's future economic progress also included fishing, and everyone involved in this industrial branch, starting from the fishermen and ending with the employees of processing plants, was expected to contribute to building a better economic future. The authorities' first moves were primarily aimed at establishing order and supervision over the new area, and at providing a comprehensive insight into the state of economic resources in Istria. The communist authorities undertook efforts to technologically improve and facilitate the conditions of work of both fishing and processing. In addition to providing assistance to fishermen, efforts were also continuously made to create better conditions and smooth functioning in the processing plants. A special challenge was the lack of year-round supplies needed for continuous production, the lack of manpower, especially qualified personnel, and the problem of placing finished products. These were constant obstacles which the post-war authorities had to tackle and constantly find appropriate solutions for. The fonds HR-DAPA-79 Regional People's Committee for Istria (1945-1947) contains documents that bear witness to the process of rehabilitation of economic activity in Istria, thus enabling a more detailed reconstruction of that process.
La situazione relativa all'attività di pesca negli anni dell'immediato dopoguerra in Istria, durante l'Amministrazione militare dell'Armata jugoslava, dal 1945 al 1947, non appariva spesso tra i temi di ricerca. Il problema sta ovviamente anche nella piccola quantità di materiale archivistico che affronta questo argomento. Quindi, prendendo in considerazione il limitato quadro spaziale e temporale del tema di questo lavoro, nei capitoli introduttivi viene riportato un breve cenno sulla situazione relativa all'attività di pesca e all'industria di lavorazione del pesce in Istria nel periodo che va dall'avvio dell'industria di lavorazione del pesce ( fine del XIX secolo) alla fine della Seconda guerra mondiale, e successivamente, in modo più dettagliato, sul riavviamento dell'attività industriale subito dopo la fine della guerra. Il testo denota alcune delle numerose sfide affrontate dalle autorità del dopoguerra relative al ripristino e all' organizzazione della pesca e dell'industria di lavorazione del pesce. Per l'avvio della pesca un presupposto importante è stato quello di instaurare la collaborazione con tutti gli attori coinvolti nel processo. Questo compito non si poteva realizzare esclusivamente imponendo in modo rigoroso e duro una nuova
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ma facendo conoscere gradualmente agli abitanti i cambiamenti verificati che avrebbero influenzato tutti i processi sociali. La „popolarizzazione“ della futura crescita economica del Paese ha interessato anche il settore della pesca e, di conseguenza, da tutti gli attori coinvolti in questo settore dell'industria, dai pescatori ai lavoratori negli impianti di lavorazione, ci si aspettava un contributo nella creazione di un futuro economico migliore. Le prime mosse delle autorità erano finalizzate a stabilire l'ordine e la vigilanza del nuovo territorio e a ottenere una visione completa dello stato delle risorse economiche dell'Istria. Le autorità comuniste si sono impegnate a migliorare tecnologicamente e ad agevolare le condizioni di lavoro sia della pesca che della lavorazione del pesce. Oltre ad aiutare i pescatori ci si impegnava costantemente a creare condizioni migliori garantendo un buon funzionamento degli impianti di trasformazione. Una sfida particolare era rappresentata dalla mancanza di scorte necessarie per la produzione ininterrotta su base annua, la carenza di manodopera, soprattutto di personale qualificato, e il problema di commercializzazione dei prodotti finiti. Questi erano gli ostacoli costanti per cui le autorità del dopoguerra hanno dovuto cercare e trovare soluzioni adeguate. Il materiale del fondo HR-DAPA-79 Comitato popolare regionale per l'Istria (1945-1947) contiene documenti che testimoniano il processo di ripristino dell' attività economica in Istria, e, di conseguenza, consentono una ricostruzione più dettagliata di tale processo.
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