Hezbollah Norton, Augustus Richard
2018, 20180904, 2018-09-04, Letnik:
69
eBook
With Hezbollah's entry into the Lebanese government in 2009 and forceful intervention in the Syrian civil war, the potent Shi'i political and military organization continues to play an enormous role ...in the Middle East. A hybrid of militia, political party, and social services and public works provider, the group is the most powerful player in Lebanon. Policymakers in the United States and Israel usually denounce Hezbollah as a dangerous terrorist organization and refuse to engage with it, yet even its adversaries need to contend with its durability and resilient popular support. Augustus Richard Norton's incisive account stands as the most lucid, informed, and balanced analysis of Hezbollah yet written--and this fully revised and updated edition features a new prologue and conclusion, as well as two new chapters largely devoted to the group's recent activities, including its involvement in Syria.Hezbollahis a work of perennial importance and remains essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the Middle East.
Empirijsko analitički pristup znanosti šumarske politike primijenjen je na primjeru specijalnog rezervata prirode „Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit“ (Srbija) s ciljem sveobuhvatne analize korisnika, ...njihovih interesa i potencijalnih sukoba interesa. Istraživanje je provedeno od kolovoza 2017. do kolovoza 2018. godine. Procjena intenziteta interesa identificiranih korisnika temelji se na kvalitativnoj analizi sadržaja i kritičkoj analizi te kombinaciji tehnika triangulacije, logičkog zaključivanja, indukcije i dedukcije. Unosom procijenjenog intenziteta interesa korisnika (vlasnici šuma – država i privatni šumovlasnici; zaposleni u šumarstvu; poduzeća/institucije – drvna industrija, pokrajinski sekretarijat, itd.; građani) u analitičku shemu jasno se mogla izdvojiti zona sukoba između korisnika s vrlo jakim interesom za korištenje drvne mase (Vojvodinašume, crkva, prerada drva) i korisnika koji pripadaju interesnom polju očuvanja/zaštite prirode (institucije zaštite prirode, građani). Uz navedeno, država tj. Vojvodinašume su u unutarnjem sukobu, jer (također) imaju vrlo snažan interes za proizvodnju drva s jedne strane i za zaštitu prirode s druge strane. Kako bi uravnotežila interese, država/pokrajina je u prednosti jer rješenje može potražiti interno, ali analitička shema pokazuje i da će rezultat neizbježno dovesti do sukoba s drugim korisnicima (drvnom industrijom ako se poveća opseg zaštite ili zaštitom prirode ako se pojača sječa drva). Koncept zaštitnih zona pokazuje trenutni kompromisni paket između zainteresiranih strana (stroga zaštita 6%, aktivna zaštita 29% i korištenje drva 65%), koji će opstati dok ga država bude mogla podržati političkim mjerama. Empirijsko analitički pristup omogućio je sveobuhvatni uvid u korisnike i interese vezane za Rit, a metodološka postavka je uz zaključake relevantne za daljnja znanstvena istraživanja stvorila osnovu za aktivniju komunikaciju rezultata s praksom.
This study, based on modified Schusser´s sequential method, was conducted from August 2017 to August 2018 with the aim of using accessible and familiar case example from Serbia to verify the claim of forest policy science - that users, their interests and potential conflicts of interest can be comprehensively identified and analysed while applying empirically analytical approach. On the example of special nature reserve Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit the intensity of user´s interest is assessed based on qualitative content analysis and critical reasoning in combination with the techniques of triangulation, induction and deduction. By entering the estimated intensity of user interests into the analytical sheme (users categorized as forest owners- state/province and private, forestry employees, enterprises/institutions and citizens), the first conflicting zone was identified between the very strong interests in forest utilization (priority of profitable timber harvesting) and the interest field comprising the very strong and strong user interests for nature conservation. In addition, the state/province (public enterprise Vojvodinašume) is in an internal conflict, having (also) a very strong interest in wood production (creating revenues) on the one hand and in nature conservation on another. In order to balance them (towards the general social interest), the state/province has an advantage of being in the position to look internally for a solution, but the analytical scheme also shows how potential changes could trigger conflicts with other users (wood industry if protection is increased or nature protection actors if logging intensifies). The current solution of protection zones, divided into strict protection 6%, active protection 29% and profitable use of wood 65%, reflects the actual compromise package between the state/province andinterests of remaining users, which will last as long as the state/province is in the position to support it with available political means.
Whereas individual discourses take into account only partial aspects, the current approach has provided a comprehensive insight into Rit´s actors and interests. Methodological set-up of existing theoretically-based analytical categories has offered conclusions relevant for further research, forming at the same time a strong basis for more active communication of results with practice: users can more clearly perceive each other’s positions and evaluate own abilities to act, while searching for the implementation concepts that work in practice.
Theft of an Idol Brass, Paul R
2020, 1997, 2020-09-01, Letnik:
8
eBook
As collective violence erupts in many regions throughout the world, we often hear media reports that link the outbreaks to age-old ethnic or religious hostilities, thereby freeing the state, its ...agents, and its political elites from responsibility. Paul Brass encourages us to look more closely at the issues of violence, ethnicity, and the state by focusing on specific instances of violence in their local contexts and questioning the prevailing interpretations of them. Through five case studies of both rural and urban public violence, including police-public confrontations and Hindu-Muslim riots, Brass shows how, out of many possible interpretations applicable to these incidents, government and the media select those that support existing relations of power in state and society. Adopting different modes--narrator, detective, and social scientist--Brass treats incidents of collective violence arising initially out of common occurrences such as a drunken brawl, the rape of a girl, and the theft of an idol, and demonstrates how some incidents remain localized while others are fit into broader frameworks of meaning, thereby becoming useful for upholders of dominant ideologies. Incessant talk about violence and its implications in these circumstances contributes to its persistence rather than its reduction. Such treatment serves in fact to mask the causes of violence, displace the victims from the center of attention, and divert society's gaze from those responsible for its endemic character. Brass explains how this process ultimately implicates everyone in the perpetuation of systems of violence.
U ovom članku istražujemo različite forme putopisa, medijskih izvještaja, diplomatskih zapisa, politika, istinosnih tvrdnji i svjedočanstava eksperata u kojima su različite narativne perspektive o ...balkanskim ratovima, kako starim (1912–1913) tako i novim (1991–1999), bile najevidentnije. Tvrdimo da su načini na koje su ove perspektive ukorijenjene u različitim vremenima i istorizacijama rezultovali u konstruisanju opšteprihvaćenih i zastarjelih predstava. U praktičnom smislu, istražujemo nekoliko obrazaca narativa koji su vodili senzacionalizmu medijske industrije i esencijalizaciji kolektivnog pamćenja. Uzeti zajedno, kao opšta odlika savremene politike i analize u dominantnom međunarodnom mišljenju, politici i nauci, ovi narativni obrasci pokazuju da se istorijsko znanje prenosi na načine koji stvaraju sadašnjost i predstavljaju izvještaje o drugoj prošlosti, kao i da se kolektivna vjerovanja aktera međunarodne zajednice konstruišu kao medijski događaji i javne hegemonističke predstave. Cilj nam je pokazati na koji način se određeni trenuci prekida istoricizuju i posljedično koriste i zloupotrebljavaju za anahronistično predstavljanje jugoistočne Evrope.
V članku avtor pokaže, kako v času množičnih protestov oz. vstaj med decembrom 2012 in aprilom 2013 v Sloveniji ne moremo govoriti o enotni ali homogeni civilni družbi niti o poenotenem vstajniškem ...gibanju. Kvalitativna metodologija poglobljenih intervjujev in fokusnih skupin, ki jo je uporabil, ko je analiziral obdobje vstaj, mu omogoča prepoznati konflikte, antagonizme in raznolikost medsebojnih odnosov med skupinami. Članek zato predvsem klasificira vstajniške skupine in definira razlike med njimi. Različne frakcije, iniciative in gibanja so zato razdeljene v tri večje razrede: skupine novih družbenih gibanj prvega in drugega vala, ki jih konceptualizira s pomočjo Offejeve teorije novih družbenih gibanj, ter skupino antisistemskih gibanj, ki jih konceptualizira s pomočjo avtorjev svetovno-sistemske analize
Taking into account the fact that, throughout history, certain artworks have been considered as “worth of watching” (according to the Greek etymon ἀξιοϑέατος / aksioteatos), preservation, or ...theorizing, while others were not, one is led to investigate the various types of evaluative descriptions. Those artworks that are more valuable than others, or simply valuable in themselves on the basis of rather specific features, have always represented the paradigmatic model for the evaluator, thus revealing the identitary nature of value as different from one epoch to another. Our aim has been to discern, with regard to this starting point, the way in which the process of evaluating artworks fits the general matrix of the universal theory of value, with its clearly distinguished levels of evaluation, beginning with value descriptions, continuing through the features of evaluation or abstract qualities of values extracted from these descriptions, and ending with value norms or systems of accepted generalizations in evaluation. Value standpoints in such an evaluation matrix represent dispositions or preferences in procedures, which reflect the norms or signifying concepts of the time. Corresponding procedures, or applications of the hierarchicized signification of artworks, are manifested in all known forms of artwork assessment: attribution, institutionalization, and setting of priorities in terms of exhibition, conservation, acquisition, restoration, and so on. Research in the history of European art-historical ideas has corroborated the hypothesis that, prior to the late 18th century, clear normative patterns were applied when it came to the evaluation of artworks. However, with the emergence of early Romanticism, this could no longer be done in the traditional way. Before the period in question, visual art was created (regardless of some stylistic discrepancies between individual authors) and classified according to well-defined thematic areas and functions. Such qualifications made it possible to distinguish clearly between major stylistic periods, creating the impression of development regardless of the later evaluative classifications of individual cycles in historical production thus understood. A comparison between the axiological matrix and the features of individual historical periods has revealed, on the one hand, a stable relationship between the functionally nomological features of artistic productions and the cultural instrumentalizations of art, and on the other a stable relationship between the overtly semantic conceptualizations in the epoch of modernism and the ostensibly structural mode of artistic expression. In the postmodern period, all that was once understood as the stylistic language of form, or the autonomy of the artefact, has been transformed in the evasive media multiplication of the postindustrial epoch into a whole series of reproductive languages, replicas, transfers, copies, or simulacra, and forced into a relationship of permanent detachment with regard to the “original” (source). Thus, instead of an artwork in context, the context itself is now presented as an artwork, structured all over again according to some of the possible principles in the theoretical choice of interpretation. The impossibility of defining precisely the boundaries of the medium, and its increasing dematerialization, have made it more difficult to apply universal evaluative criteria to a particular artwork, which has led to a conflict between cultural evaluation and the subjection of experience to the semantic functions of evaluations. Nevertheless, recent research on perception in the field of neuroscience has indicated that the sensory perception of the external world and the assignation of meaning to those perceptions indeed happen simultaneously, and that these processes cannot take place separated from one another. The conclusion shows that the modern evaluation conflicts are largely a consequence of an irreversible and entropic state of culture in the 21st century. We should therefore aim at a revision, not so much of the hitherto accepted and standardized values, but rather of the present systems of evaluation and the ensuing evaluative descriptions of art.
Osnovni cilj prikazanog istraživanja bio je sticanje uvida u osnovne karakteristike konflikata i konfliktnog ponašanja u vršnjačkim grupama. Uzorak se sastoji od 655 ispitanika prosečnog uzrasta 12 ...godina. Za potrebe istraživanja konstruisana je Baterija upitnika namenjenih proceni ponašanja ispitanika u konfliktnim situacijama, i ona obuhvata: teme vršnjačkih sukoba, procenu frekvencije i intenziteta sukoba, kao i Skalu strategija za rešavanje konflikata. Rezultati su pokazali da su najčešće teme konflikata u vršnjačkoj grupi su ogovaranje, zadirkivanje, sukob mišljenja i kompeticija. Sukobi sa vršnjacima nisu visoko frekventni i umerenog su intenziteta. Konstruktivne strategije za rešavanje konflikata sa vršnjacima (asertivne i usmerene na rešavanje problema) su najviše zastupljene; zatim slede pasivne strategije (distrakcija i izbegavanje) i traženje socijalne podrške, dok su se kao najmanje preferirane strategije pokazale strategije rešavanja konflikata koje uključuju neki od vidova agresivnog ponašanja.
Po državljanski vojni, ko je bila nujno potrebna družbeno-politična reorganizacija, so ameriške univerze prispevale k procesu ponovne vzpostavitve notranjega ravnovesja moči v državi. Tako so ...poskusili okrepiti politične stranke in razviti regije kot politično diskretne ozemeljske enote, ki jih je bilo razmeroma lahko upravljati. V 20. stoletju je politika lokalne centralizacije na regionalni ravni skupaj s priložnostjo, ki jo je ponujala potreba po učinkovitejšem upravljanju mest, prerasla v zavedanje, da naj bi precejšnji prispevek akademske skupnosti politiki pomagal ponovno vzpostaviti merila upravljanja za celotno državo. Da bi se dokumentirale in preučile nekatere najpomembnejše povezave med načrti univerzitetnih kampusov in načrtovanjem mest v Čikagu, je v članku predstavljeno več načrtov univerzitetnih kampusov in načrtovalskih strategij, pri čemer lahko »mesto« razumemo kot metonimijo za celotno družbo. Obdobje od odprtja kampusa univerze v Čikagu leta 1890 do prve polovice 60. let prejšnjega stoletja razkriva povezave med načrtovanjem kampusa in mesta.
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