During an earthquake on December 29th 2020, the Krško NPP automatically shutdown due to the trigger of the negative neutron flux rate signal on the power range nuclear instrumentation. From the time ...course of the detector signal, it can be concluded that the fluctuation in the detector signal may have been caused by the mechanical movement of the ex-core neutron detectors or the pressure vessel components rather than the actual change in reactor power. The objective of the analysis was to evaluate the sensitivity of the neutron flux at the ex-core detector position, if the detector is moved in the radial or axial direction. In addition, the effect of the core barrel movement and core inside the baffle movement in the radial direction were analysed. The analysis is complemented by the calculation of the thermal and total neutron flux gradient in radial, axial and azimuthal directions. The Monte Carlo particle transport code MCNP was used to study the changes in the response of the ex-core detector for the above-mentioned scenarios. Power and intermediate-range detectors were analysed separately, because they are designed differently, positioned at different locations, and have different response characteristics. It was found that the movement of the power range ex-core detector has a negligible effect on the value of the thermal neutron flux in the active part of the detector. However, the radial movement of the intermediate-range detector by 5 cm results in 7%–8% change in the thermal neutron flux in the active part of the intermediate-range detector. The analysis continued with an evaluation of the effects of moving the entire core barrel on the ex-core detector response. It was estimated that the 2 mm core barrel radial oscillation results in ∼4% deviation in the power and intermediate-range detector signal. The movement of the reactor core inside baffle can contribute ∼6% deviation in the ex-core neutron detector signal. The analysis showed that the mechanical movement of ex-core neutron detectors cannot explain the fluctuations in the ex-core detector signal. However, combined core barrel and reactor core inside baffle oscillations could be a probable reason for the observed fluctuations in the ex-core detector signal during an earthquake.
Analizom višegodišnjih interdisciplinarnih terenskih istraživanja, te bilježenjem učinaka infrastrukturnih zahvata u prirodni okoliš Drežnice, članak doprinosi složenijem razumijevanju historijskih, ...društvenih i ekonomskih procesa suodnosa ljudi i prirodnog okoliša, kao ključnih odrednica moderniteta. Pitanje tko, kakvom tehnologijom i s kojim obećanjima upravlja krškim krajolikom, te u kojim se okolnostima i u čijem interesu javlja potreba njegove zaštite, sagledava se u duljem povijesnom trajanju s fokusom na promjene upravljanja Drežničkim poljem. Oslanjajući se na objavljene i arhivske izvore, članak postavlja širi ekohistorijski okvir za analizu suvremenog antropogenog utjecaja na Drežničko polje, na primjeru aktualnog projekta njegove retencije. Učinci hidroinžinjerskih zahvata na lokalnu zajednicu sagledavaju se kroz analitičku prizmu procesualne antropologije infrastrukture, a temelje na intervjuima s članovima lokalne zajednice i ekoloških udruga te na analizi birokratskog diskursa studija na okoliš.
This article presents an analysis of the effects of infrastructural interventions in the natural environment of Drežnica, based on many years of field research and an interdisciplinary approach to methodology. In this way, it contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the historical, social, and economic elements of the relationship between humans and the natural environment, as key notions of modernity. Several questions are addressed: who manages the karst landscape, using which technology, promising which results, under which circumstances, and whose interest it is to protect the landscape. These questions are considered from a longer historical perspective, with a focus on changes in the management model of Drežničko polje. Relying on published and archival sources, the article sets a broader eco-historical framework for the analysis of the contemporary anthropogenic impact on Drežničko polje, using the example of the current project of its retention. The effects of hydro-engineering operations on the local community are viewed through the analytical prism of processual anthropology of infrastructure, based on the analysis of the bureaucratic discourse of environmental policy studies and interviews with members of the local community and environmental organizations.
In a typical pressurized water reactor, neutron detectors located outside the reactor core monitor reactor power. In addition, they are also used to measure the reactivity of the control rods. A ...novel approach to calculate the ex-core neutron detector response in a typical pressurized water reactor using the Monte Carlo technique is presented. A detailed ex-core model of the Krško nuclear power plant was developed using the Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCNP. Due to the location of the ex-core neutron detectors, the hybrid code ADVANTG is used to generate variance reduction parameters to accelerte the convergence of the results outside the reactor core. To use ADVANTG, the fixed neutron source had to be reconstructed from the criticality core calculation. This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of the response of the ex-core detectors to the neutron data libraries used, the description of the fixed neutron source and the ADVANTG parameters. It was found that a pin-wise description of the neutron source for at least two rows of fuel assemblies at the core periphery is necessary for accurate results. Our results show the importance of a correct description of the prompt neutron spectra in the high energy region and the impact this has on the response of the ex-core detectors. The method in which the prompt neutron fission spectra for important fission nuclides are weighted by the calculated reaction rates has been shown to be the best approximation, with deviations from the reference calculation within statistical uncertainty. The effect of nuclear data libraries on the response of the ex-core detector was investigated, and the difference between the ENDF/B-VII.0 and the ENDF/B-VIII.0 nuclear data libraries was ∼11%. When the deficient evaluation of the
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Fe isotope included in the ENDF/B-VIII.0 nuclear data library was replaced by the improved evaluation from the IAEA INDEN project, the differences decreased to ∼3.7%. In addition, neutron flux redistributions due to control rod movement were investigated and flux redistribution factors were updated using Monte Carlo particle transport methods. The reaction rate redistribution factors obtained with methods presented in this paper are within 1% agreement with the currently used factors.
The paper presents the use of the floodplain along the right bank of the Sava River in Krško Polje for farming and gathering purposes. We have acquired a wealth of information about former activities ...in this area, which can collectively be referred to by the term exploitation of damp areas. The result of the research is a set of specific human activities located in exact points in the landscape and the confirmation of the great importance that living in the immediate vicinity of water sources had for people
A detailed geometrical model of a Krško reactor core was developed using a Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCNP. The main goal of developing an MCNP core model is for it to be used in future ...research focused on ex-core calculations. A script called McCord was developed to generate MCNP input for an arbitrary fuel cycle configuration from the diffusion based core design package CORD-2, taking advantage of already available material and temperature data obtained in the nuclear core design process. The core model was used to calculate 3D power density profile inside the core. The applicability of the calculated power density distributions was tested by comparison to the CORD-2 calculations, which is regularly used for the nuclear core design calculation verification of the Krško core. For the hot zero power and hot full power states differences between MCNP and CORD-2 in the radial power density profile were <3%. When studying axial power density profiles the differences in axial offset were less than 2.3% for hot full power condition. To further confirm the applicability of the developed model, the measurements with in-core neutron detectors were compared to the calculations, where differences of 5% were observed.
Containment is the last barrier for release of radioactive materials in the case of an accident in the nuclear power plant (NPP). Its overall integrity is tested during a containment integrated leak ...rate test (CILRT) at the design pressure, at regular intervals. Due to applied risk based licensing, the test intervals can be increased up to once in 10 years and beyond. Taking that into account it is important to prepare the test properly and to use obtained results to assess the real status of the containment. The test can be used to verify existing containment calculation models. There is a potential benefit of verified computer models usage for the explanation of some test results, too. NPP Krško has performed CILRT during the plant outage in 2016. The paper presents a comparison between measured data and results calculated using a multivolume GOTHIC (Generation Of Thermal Hydraulic Information For Containment) model. The test scenario was reproduced using limited available data up to the end of the pressurization phase. The depressurization phase is calculated by the code and measured leakage rate is implemented in the model. Taking into account the necessary adjustments in the model, overall prediction of the measured results (in terms of pressure, temperature and humidity) is very good. In the last phase of the test some non-physical behavior is noticed (without influence on overall test results), probably caused by the combination of air redistribution within the containment and influence of heat transfer to plant systems that were in the operation during the test. GOTHIC model was used to check sensitivity of the predicted pressure (leak rate) to different heat inputs and to investigate the influence that operation of only one reactor containment fan cooler (RCFC) train during pressurization can have on the mixing of air within the containment. In addition, the influence of currently used weighting factors (weighting of measured temperature, relative humidity and pressure data) on the used test methodology is investigated. The possible non-conservative direction of the influence (currently used weighting factors are giving lower leakage rate) was demonstrated and a new set of weighting factors is proposed too.
PurposeDark tourism has a very long heritage. Compared to the rest of the world, dark tourism in Slovenia is very poorly developed. The theme is therefore a novelty in Slovenia as well as in the ...Slovenian professional and scientific literature. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe dark stories of two small cities – Brežice and Krško – in Slovenia.Design/methodology/approachThe paper brings ethnographical approach based on the in-depth literature analysis, existing documentation in museums (old newspapers articles, photographs) and fieldwork in Brežice and Krško which contained the method of unstructured interviews with four curators in The Posavje Museum Brežice, The City Museum of Krško and The National Museum of Contemporary History – Brestanica Branch as well as the method of observation with participation in a guided tour of Posavje “witches” in The City Museum of Krško and The Brežice Cemetery. The information for the research was also obtained by conducting ten unstructured interviews with the residents who live nearby “dark places” or are still connected to them.FindingsThe paper provides practical results as 14 dark stories related to the castles, wars, accidents, murders, paranormal activities and witchcraft were found. These stories could be incorporated into dark tourism.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. The results refer to a particular area of research.Practical implicationsThe paper includes implications for the development of a new dark tourism product on a basis of dark stories found in the research area.Originality/valueThe paper fulfills need to identify and study dark stories that can be integrated in dark tourism in Slovenia.
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