Rising post-glacial sea levels had a major influence on the prehistoric settlement of the Aegean coastal zone. At Liman Tepe, an important Chalcolithic-Bronze Age coastal settlement on the south ...coast of the Bay of Izmir, archaeological evidence suggests a Neolithic (ca. 9600-5500 BCE) presence, but no settlement has been discovered on land. Sea levels during the Neolithic period were between 6 and >20 m below present and there is high potential for discovery of submerged prehistoric sites. Marine sediment coring and geophysical investigations (bathymetry, sub-bottom seismic profiling; >600 line-km) were conducted over a 4-km2 inshore area to assess the underwater archaeological potential. Multi-proxy sediment analysis (sedimentary facies, micropalaeontology, micro-XRF geochemistry) was conducted on 20 cores to reconstruct the relative sea level (RSL) history and coastal palaeogeography. Palaeoshoreline positions were estimated by back-stripping of the decompacted sediment thickness from a digital bathymetric model (DBM).
The DBM reveals a drowned middle Holocene coastal plain with well-preserved relict river channels, palaeoshorelines and coastal headlands. The inshore stratigraphy consists of shoreface, foreshore and lagoonal deposits overlying terrestrial clay and palaeosols, defining a marine transgressive surface (MTS). The MTS records the inundation of the coastal plain prior to ca. 4000 BCE (transgressive systems tract; TST) and is marked in cores by an increasing abundance of foraminifera and a rise in Ca/Ti. During the Early Neolithic (ca. 6700 BCE), the shoreline was >500 m seaward (RSL ∼ −14 to −16 m) and Karantina Island was a broad coastal headland with a sheltered western embayment. By the Middle Chalcolithic (ca. 4800 BCE), the coastline had transgressed ∼800 m inland of the present shoreline and the Liman Tepe headland was separated from the mainland by a shallow coastal wetland. The maximum transgression (∼1 km inland at ca. 4000 BCE) was followed by a shift to a high-stand systems tract (HST) and rapid coastline progradation by barrier accretion and lagoon development. Palaeogeographic maps identify areas with high underwater archaeological potential: 1) palaeoriver channels and lowland riverine habitats formed during the TST, prior to 4000 BCE, 2) submerged palaeoshorelines and coastal promontories (water depths 10–14 mbsl) with high potential for Neolithic sites, and 3) protected coastal embayments and lagoons representing possible prehistoric anchorage sites.
•Discovery of submerged, Neolithic-age landscape, south Bay of Izmir, Turkey.•Palaeogeography reconstructed using marine and land core data, geophysical surveys.•Relict river channels, paleoshorelines, drowned coastal headlands.•High archaeological potential for submerged prehistoric sites.
Hemorrhoids occur due to inflammation of the rectoanal venous plexus, which causes inflammation, pain, and can cause lumps. This inflammation can cause difficulty in defecation and can even cause ...heavy bleeding. Empirically Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber) leaves have been used to treat hemorrhoids and have been known to contain flavonoids and terpenoid lactones which are active as an anti-inflammatory. Objective: To determine the anti hemorrhoidal activity of E. scaber leaves in reducing inflammation in hemorrhoids in Wistar rats. Material and method: The research begins with the extraction of E. scaber leaves with 70% ethanol as solvent. Extracts were analyzed for total flavonoid content with quercetin standard. Antihemorrhoidal activity was measured based on the degree of edema formed based on the weight of the rectum through the surgical process. Rats were induced with croton oil on the anorectal area for three days. The treatments for the test group were 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgW. The drug control group used oral diclofenac sodium for seven days. Result: E. scaber leaf ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols. The flavonoid level was 3.433mgQE/g extract. This study showed that E. scaber leaf extract had the best anti hemorrhoidal activity at a dose of 100 mg/kgW with a significance value of p<0.05. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of E.scaber leaves containing flavonoids provides a fairly good anti-hemorrhoid activity compared to the control drug diclofenac sodium.
Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L) is one of the plants that have medicinal properties and has been used for maintenance and improvement of health and disease treatment. The purpose of this study ...was to determine the effect of extracts of Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber L) as immunostimulant to the development of lymphocytes in mice BALB / C. The procedure of this study was to test aqueous extracts in vivo with various treatments (control, treatment of 0.5 g / kg, 1.0 g/ kg, 2.0 g / kg) in healthy mice BALB / C for 2 weeks. After the treatment carried out analysis of the percentage and number of cells that express CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+ CD8 + in thymus organ, using flowcytometry. Analysis of data using one-way ANOVA followed Tukey's test with SPSS. From the analysis showed that the extract of Tapak liman at various doses showed no significant effect on the percentage expression of CD4 + CD8 + and CD4 + CD8 + in thymus organs. While the analysis of the number of cells, extracts of Tapak liman show its effect on the number of cells that express CD4+, CD8 + and CD4 + CD8 + in thymus organs. Concentration of 1.0g / kg of mice showed a good effect on the increase in T helper cells (CD4 +), cytotoxic T cells (CD8 +) and Prothymosit cells (CD4 + CD8 +).
The article presents information on the chemical composition and salinity of pore-waters of the Holocene bottom sediments in the shelf and limans from the Northwestern Black Sea region. The specific ...features of the water quality distribution laterally and in depth are considered. The peculiarities of the structure of hydrogeochemical sections confirm the transgressive-regressive character of the sea level change. Analysis of the geological structure, hydrogeochemical and paleoclimatic features allowed to substantiate the hypothesis of the use of limans as sources of salt in the Holocene period. Based on the information on the hydrochemical features of bottom sediments and changes in sea level, the reconstructions of paleogeographic sedimentation environments during the late Pleistocene-Holocene time on the northwestern shelf and limans of the Black Sea are presented.
Liman Tepe-Clazomenae, located in the southern Bay of Izmir, Turkey, was an important Early Bronze Age to Classical Period trading port and cultural centre in the eastern Aegean. The mainland ...harbour, now submerged ~1.5–2 m below present sea level, is one of the best-preserved examples of an Iron Age (Archaic Period; ca. 7th–6th c. BCE) semi-enclosed harbour (>5 ha) with engineered breakwater structures. A multi-proxy study (micropalaeontology, micro-XRF core scanning) was conducted on seven harbour sediment cores and integrated with geophysical data to map the harbour structures and document coastal palaeoenvironmental changes. Bathymetry and side-scan mapping revealed two broad (>35 m) rubble-constructed breakwater structures and a submerged headland that divided the harbour into two separate sub-basins. Linear magnetic anomalies within the eastern breakwater indicate a buried pier structure, recording possible augmentation of a Late Bronze Age (LBA) or Early Iron Age (EIA) proto-harbour embayment. The harbour basin stratigraphy comprises foreshore and upper shoreface deposits overlying terrigenous clays across a marine transgressive surface. A distinctive silt-rich chemofacies with increased Ti/Ca and decreased Si marks a transition from a sandy marine shoreface to a low energy, sheltered LBA proto-harbour embayment. The Iron Age harbour construction (ca. 7th–6th c. BCE) is recorded by a rise in Rosalina, decreased Ti/Ca and the appearance of Archaic pottery. The harbour was in use from the Archaic to early Classical periods and served as Clazomenae's mainland commercial port.
•Palaeoenvironmental, geochemical and geophysical study of well-preserved Iron Age (ca. 7-6th BCE) harbour•Extensive (>5 ha) harbour facility protected by engineered, rubble-constructed breakwaters•Transition from marine embayment to semi-enclosed harbour recognized in foraminifera, chemofacies•Marine sediment record of Late Bronze-Early Iron Age land use and coastal environmental change
In order to solve the problems of diagnosis and forecast of spatial-temporal variability of hydrological characteristics of the Kuyalnik Liman (water level, salinity and temperature) which cause ...chemical and biological processes occurring therein, and, therefore, affect the properties of brine and therapeutic mud, a non-stationary 3D numerical hydrothermodynamic model Delft3D-FLOW was applied.
The model can be applied for research of the features and forecasting of spatial-temporal variability of hydrological characteristics of the Kuyalnik Liman under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors forming its hydrological regime. Such opportunity is also indicated by the results of adaptation of the model to the Kuyalnik Liman conditions and its validation that are specified in this work.
The important role of accounting of small streams flowing into the liman and accurate setting of intensity of storm rainfall during modelling is also shown. It is found that at the time of storm winds with longitudinal directions in relation to the liman’s water surface, the difference of watermarks in its northern and southern parts may reach 0.35-0.4 m.
İş sağlığı ve güvenliği (İSG) alanında yapılan çalışmalar günden güne artmaktadır. Bununla birlikte İSG alanında gerçekleştirilen uygulamaların performansı boyutlarının incelenmesi önemli bir hal ...almaktadır. Bu çalışma, Kocaeli bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren liman işletmelerinde çalışan tecrübeli kişilerden elde edilen verilere dayanarak bu performansı boyutlarının AHP yöntemiyle önem düzeylerinin ve ağırlık değerlerinin hesaplanması amaçlanmıştır. Literatürden elde dilen İSG uygulama performansı boyutlarının önem düzeyleri, Kocaeli Liman Bölgesindeki liman işletmelerinde çalışan 20 uzmandan elde edilen veriler ile çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden AHP yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, İSG uygulama performansı boyutlarından en önemli boyutun, çalışanların İSG konusunda farkındalık ve bilinç düzeyi (%41,2), en az önemli boyutun ise İSG eğitim uygulamaları (%8,6) boyutu olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. İSG konusunda farkındalık ve bilinç düzeylerinin mevcut boyutlar arasında önem düzeyi ile en önemli boyut olması, çalışan personellere bu bilincin aşılanması ve gerekli farkındalığı sağlamalarının İSG alanında yapılacak uygulamalar arasında ilk öncelikli olarak yapılması gerektiğini göstermektedir. İSG eğitim uygulamalarının önem düzeyi en az olan performans boyutu olması, İSG eğitim uygulamalarının gerçek çalışma ortamına aktarılmadığı ve denetlenmediği sürece gün geçtikçe çalışan tarafından unutulduğu ve göz ardı edildiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak İSG uygulama performansı boyutlarının her biri çok önemli olduğunu söylemek gerekir. Çünkü bu boyutların her biri birbirleriyle bağlantılı ve ilişkilidir. Ayrıca İSG uygulama performansı boyutlarının önceliklerinin bilinmesi İSG yönetimi ve uygulamalarına büyük ölçekte katkı sağlayacağı sonucuna varılabilmektedir.
•General decline in Melian obsidian usage by the middle of the 3rd Millennium BC.•INAA indicate that the analysed Melian obsidians originated from Dhemenegaki.•Anatolian and Aegean obsidians in İzmir ...Region reflects organized exchange systems.
In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels of two settlements – Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe – located on the Aegean coast of Anatolia were investigated with an interdisciplinary approach using fission-track (FT) dating, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis (ENAA). Some artefacts showed FT ages of a few thousand years. Apparent FT ages of the remaining samples are distributed over a wide range, from 0.53 ± 0.03 to 1.43 ± 0.20 Ma. After application of the size-correction method, most artefacts were distributed in a homogeneous group characterized by FT ages varying from 1.48 ± 0.47 to 1.80 ± 0.20 Ma, with a mean value of 1.65 ± 0.05 Ma and low induced track density corresponding to low U content. The remaining 3 samples showed relatively high induced track densities. One of them has an apparent age of 0.53 ± 0.03 Ma and a size-corrected age of 1.02 ± 0.07 Ma. The probable potential sources for the studied samples were identified as the island of Melos in the Aegean, and the central Anatolian sources – particularly the Göllüdağ complex – through comparison of the FT data. INAA and ENAA studies have been carried out on 34 artefacts at the TRIGA Mark II research reactor of the University of Pavia. The identification of the sources was attained through cluster analysis of the chemical data. These results agree fully with those obtained by FT dating: most artefacts originated from the Melos–Dhemenegaki flow, and only 3 samples from central Anatolia. The current study provides a contribution to a better understanding of the circulation of obsidians in Anatolia.
Objectives: The aims of this research were to analyze teratogenic properties on some selected plants which often used for woman’s health were pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) pericarp, coriander ...(Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds, liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) leaves, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare M.) seeds, and kaempferia (Kaempferia galanga L.) rhizomes using brine shrimp teratogenic screening test (BSTST) method.Methods: Artemia cysts were hatched into first stage nauplii then taken and put into seawater medium which contain test substance and kept alive until the second stage, third stage, and fourth stage and then observed number of deaths, morphological abnormalities, body length, and retarded of development for each stage.Results: Hatchability of cysts in fennel seeds compared extracts 1 and 0.5 mg/ml, coriander seeds extract 1 mg/ml, pomegranate rinds extract 6 mg/ml, and liman leaves extracts 6, 3, and 1.5 mg/ml were significantly different to control (p<0.05). Survival nauplii in fennel seeds extracts 1 and 0.5 mg/ml and liman leaves extracts 6 and 3 mg/ml were significantly different to control (p<0.05). The morphological abnormalities were exposed on coriander seeds extract 1 mg/ml, liman leaves extract 6 mg/ml, and pomegranate rinds extract 3 mg/ml. Nauplii with retarded development were presented on fennel seeds extracts 1 and 0.5 mg/ml, coriander seeds extracts 1 and 0.25 mg/ml, pomegranate rinds extracts 6, 3, and 1.5 mg/ml, and liman leaves extracts 3 and 1.5 mg/ml. Nauplii body length on plants extract showed no significantly difference compared to control.Conclusion: Based on BSTST, fennel seed and pomegranate rind extracts had no teratogenic effect, kaempferia rhizomes act as larvicide its analog in mamalia as embryo lethal, while coriander seeds and liman leaves extracts potentially had teratogenic properties.
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