Problem. Global climate changes, which are observed over the last decades, influencing the formation of modern hydrological regime of the Kuyalnik Liman. In the paper for the detection of major ...trends of these changes the natural climatic factors (temperature, precipitation) are evaluated.
The purpose of investigation is assessment of changes in major climatic factors of flow formation, namely precipitation and air temperature for the year, warm and cold periods on the basis of meteorological stations data within the catchment the Kuyalnik Liman and adjacent areas during the period 1900-2012.
Research methods are methods of statistical processing of the initial information. Analysis of changes in climatic factors was occurred on the base of comparing data before and after year 1989 (beginning of observations - 1988, 1989-2012).
Main results. The average annual temperature for the period 1989-2012 on the all the weather stations are increased from 0,8°C (Rozdelnaya) to 1,1°C (Odessa, Lyubashevka) compared with the previous observational period (1951-1988). During the warm season - from April to October – on all the weather stations average temperature are increased on 0,7°C, on the station Odessa - on 1,0°C. In the period 1989-2012 from November to March on all the weather stations the average temperature are increased on 1,0 - 2,0°C (relative to the previous estimated range).
On chronological graphs of average year temperatures, in the warm and cold seasons upward trend in air temperatures are marked. In the cold period transition in average temperatures from negative to positive means are eventuated.
Data review on all the meteorological stations revealed that temperature trends for the year, warm and cold periods are characterized by statistically significant correlation coefficients.
For the average annual precipitation for the period 1989-2012 statistically significant trends are not found. In the cold period reducing of the amounts of precipitation are dominated, in the warm period growth tendencies are observed.
Conclusions. Trends in changes of climatic factors on the watershed the Kuyalnik Liman indicate the unfavorable conditions of the flow formation. Rising of air temperatures of cold season promote the thaws formation and reduce the discharge and volume of spring floods. Increasing of air temperatures of warm period led to growth of evaporation from the land surface, especially from water surface of reservoirs. These losses are not recompense by the increasing of precipitation. So, on the catchment the Kuyalnik Liman climatic conditions that reduce the water resources are formed.
Production of IL-2 by CD4
T cells is shown to be suppressed in pregnant women infected by bacteria such as
and
may be used as herbal supplement to ameliorate this condition. This study aimed to ...investigate the efficacy of
and
formulation to promote lymphoid proliferation and CD4 cytokine productions. The pregnant mice were randomly divided into seven experimental groups: K- (control), K+ (with
), P1 (
+
100%), P2 (
75% and
25%), P3 (
+
50% and
50%), P4 (
25% and
75%), and P5 (
100%). FACS analysis was done on day 18. Typhoid fever caused decreasing IL-2 and IFN-γ and in contrast increasing IL-4 production. In this experiment we clearly showed that typhoid fever decreased the amount of CD4 T cells but rather increased the amount of B cells. Formulation of
and
was able to ameliorate the condition by increasing IL-2, IFN-γ, CD4 T cells and decreasing both IL-4 cytokine production and the amount of B cells.
Purpose. Assessment of the number, stock, and major biological indices of the representatives of commercial ichthyofauna in the liman commodity fish farm created on the Kуiv reservoir. Methodology. ...The work is based on the ichthyologic material obtained from gill net catches with mesh size of 30-120 mm during the summer period of 2013. Data collection and processing were performed according to generally accepted methods. In total, catches of 169 net-days of control nets were analyzed, of which 3426 fish were collected. Quantitative parameters were assessed based on empirical relationships «number – catch-per-unit-effort of gill nets». Findings. Fifteen representatives of commercial ichthyofauna were observed in the bay, which is a cut-off part of the Kуiv reservoir. The majority in small mesh size nets were silver bream Blicca bjoerkna (45.5% in number) and Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (24.6%). In large mesh size nets, 65.8% of catches in number and 86.1% by weight composed the introduced species – silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), and common carps (Cyprinus carpio). The native fish fauna of the bay was characterized by sufficiently high portion of commercially valuable fish species that indicates on a possibility for organizing an intensive harvest of the formed stock of the introduced species with high degree of selectivity. Length-weight indices of major commercial species are on the level, which is sufficient for normal fish productivity. Total commercial stocks of native ichthyofauna in the liman is 146 kg/ha that is three times higher than this value for the Kiev reservoir. Originality. For the first time, we performed a complex assessment of the ichthyofauna in the bay of a large reservoir, which for a long time has been used for stocking and intensive fish harvest. Practical value. Sound fish ranching has been shown to provide the stability of structural functional indices of the native ichthyofauna that forms favorable prerequisites (in the nature conservation aspect) for increasing the role of inland water bodies in the commodity fish production.
19. yüzyılın ortasında küçük bir köy olan Mersin, yaklaşık elli yıl içerisinde Doğu Akdeniz’in önemli bir liman kenti haline geldi. 20. yüzyılın başına gelindiğinde kentin nüfusu 15,000’e ulaşmış, ...ticaret hacmi katlanarak artmış ve ulaşım altyapısı hayli gelişmişti. Mersin bir yandan bu gelişmelerin etkisi ile hızla zenginleşirken, öte yandan zenginliğin nasıl paylaşılacağına dair farklı toplumsal gruplar arasında ciddi anlaşmazlıklara sahne olmaya başladı. Bu çalışma kentteki iskeleler ile açıkta demirlemiş gemiler arasında nakliyat işi yapan istimbot ve mavna şirketlerinin sahipleri, onların çalışanları ve esnaflar arasında 1905 yılı yazında patlak veren böyle bir anlaşmazlığı incelemektedir. Osmanlı hükümetinin söz konusu anlaşmazlık hakkında hazırladığı detaylı soruşturma dosyasına dayanarak, ekonomik pastadan daha fazla pay kapma isteğinin Mersin’deki farklı toplumsal sınıflardan aktörler arasında ne tür çatışma ve ittifaklara zemin hazırladığı hakkında ipuçları sunmaktadır.
It is widely recognized that sustainability plays important role in any system of supply chains. Sustainability is also an important issue for the port industry as nodes in supply chains. The purpose ...of this research is to gain better understanding of sustainable port system. Further specific objective of this study is to contribute to the sustainable port systems' literature by analyzing the drivers and barriers for sustainable ports. We review sustainable supply chain literature in addition to the sustainable port literature with emphasis on drivers and barriers of sustainability in port systems. We concentrate on sustainability in economic, environmental and social dimensions with the perspective of the Triple-Bottom-Line approach. Thus, we decompose the drivers and barriers for sustainable port systems in economic, environmental and social dimensions. By this decomposition, we assess the balance of the sustainable port literature in these dimensions. We observed that drivers concentrate on environmental sustainability issues and barriers concentrate on economic sustainability issues in sustainable port literature.
Akdeniz’deki liman kentleri anlatılarını eleştiren bu çalışma, ekonomik dönüşüm, siyasal hiyerarşi, erken modern Osmanlı taşra yönetimi açısından Selanik’te değişen toplumun unsurlarını ...incelemektedir. On sekizinci yüzyıl taşra toplumunda meydana gelen değişimler çok farklı dinamiklerin etkileşimi sonucu ortaya çıkmıştı. Bu dinamikler, reayanın hareketliliği, kırsalda ortaya çıkan siyasi güçler, büyük toprak sahipliliğinin artışı ve paramiliter kuvvetlerin gücünün artışı idi. Selanik ve çevresindeki kentlerin etrafındaki kırsal alanda belirginleşen güç ve mülkiyet ilişkilerine yeni bir bakış sunan bu çalışma, bu anlamda erken modern dönemdeki kır-kent ilişkilerinin yeniden yorumlanmasını amaç edinmektedir. Bunun yanında, şehir tarihçiliğini domine eden hinterland, kırsaldaki kent hâkimiyeti ve portfolyo kapitalistler gibi kavramların yeniden sorgulanmasını önermektedir. Bu çalışma, kentteki Avrupalı tüccarların ya da komprador burjuvanın stratejilerinden ziyade, toprak sahipleri, köylüler ve Osmanlı merkezi arasındaki ortaya çıkan yeni ilişki ağlarının Selanik’teki erken modern ekonomik büyümeyi ve siyasi yapıları belirlediğini iddia etmektedir.
Molochnyi Liman is the largest liman (22,000ha) at the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. Contrary to estuaries, it is an ecotone without typical tides. It is a half-closed water body, with a ...connection to the Sea of Azov that has periodically renewed or ceased over the course of time. Molochnyi Liman is a wetland of international importance, a hydrological reserve of state significance and is part of the Pryazovskyi National Natural Park. The results of our research have established that termination of the liman/sea connection has led to significant hydrological changes. The most crucial is a reduction in the liman's depth, accompanied with shrinkage in the water surface area, a dramatic increase in salinity to 95g/l and the loss of several Ramsar criteria. Restoration of the Molochnyi Liman ecosystem requires a positive water balance. There is a need for ensuring the inflow of at least 100mlnm3 of marine water into the liman through a connecting channel. This will renew normal functioning of the liman and reduce the salinity to an optimal level. The methodical approach used in this work can also be applied to other closed and half-closed water bodies of the Azov-Black Sea Region. The development of a hydrological model can be effectively used as a supportive tool for the management of the Tylihulskyi, Khadzhibeiskyi and Kuyalnytskyi limans in the north-western part of the Black Sea.
2D and 3D high-resolution seismic investigations were performed on submerged coastal archaeological sites at Iskele and near to Karantina Island in the Bay of Izmir in western Turkey. Tectonic ...subsidence of the coastline has submerged a number of archaeological features associated with an important Early Bronze Archaic settlement (Liman Tepe) and the classical Ionian city of Clazomenae. Seismic surveys were focused on imaging of an Archaic harbour structure and other submerged Hellenistic and Roman architectural features. Seismic data were acquired with the SEAMAP-3D ultra-high-resolution 3D marine seismic acquisition system developed for detailed archaeological site investigation.
A 2D reconnaissance survey was performed over a 2 km
2 area around Karantina Island to evaluate the seismic penetrability and to locate sites for further 3D investigation. This survey predominantly revealed marine sediment layers covering the local bedrock, which is characterized by scattering of seismic energy showing its rocky nature.
Two ultra-high-resolution 3D seismic surveys were performed. The first covered a 350 m
×
30 m area in the modern harbour targeting a prominent Archaic harbour structure. The second was acquired across a 120 m
×
40 m area on the southeast shore of the Karantina Island close to a Roman architectural feature. The 3D surveys were acquired with nominal line spacings of 1 m, using a 8
×
4 pseudo-rigid hydrophone array and a Boomer source firing at 3 Hz shot frequency. Automated processing of the seismic data using a portable Linux cluster provided stacked 3D seismic volumes with 25 cm
×
25 cm bin size on-site.
The 3D seismic survey of the harbour clearly imaged the submerged Archaic structure and the underlying sediment sequence. The seismic time slices reveal two seismic anomalies (2–3 m in diameter) in the harbour basin sediments. The 3D surveys southeast of Karantina identified a thicker marine sediment sequence overlying steeply dipping bedrock reflectors. The sediment sequence records the rapid accumulation and progradation of the coastline following the construction the Alexander causeway linking the mainland with the island in 334 B.C.
Bu çalışmada (i) deniz kirliliğine neden olan faktörler, ana kaynaklar ve insanoğlunun etkinlikleri göz önüne alınarak, gruplar halinde verilmiştir; (ii) Dünya ve Türkiye’de deniz kirliliği ve gemi ...kazaları genel perspektifte irdelenmiştir; (iii) petrol ve petrol türevli atıkların kontrolü, depolanması ve arıtımı için Dünya ve Türkiye’de yürürlükte olan kanun, yönetmelikler ve sözleşmeler tartışılmıştır; (iv) gemilerden kaynaklanan deniz kirliliğini önlemek için kurulan atık kabul tesisleri-işletim kural ve kontrolleri belirtilerek, neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu, kapasiteleri, hangi bölümlerden oluştukları açıklanarak- tartışılmıştır; (v) Dünya ve Türkiye’den atık kabul tesisi örnekleri sıralanmıştır; (vi) seçilen örneklere dayanarak Türkiye’de işletilen atık kabul tesislerinin ihtiyaçları ne ölçüde karşıladığı ve nasıl yönetildiği, kurulum-işletme maliyetleri ve atık kabul tesislerini iyileştirmek için ele alınması gerekli önlemler üzerinde durularak, değerlendirilmiştir.
Bu çalışmada (i) deniz kirliliğine neden olan faktörler, ana kaynaklar ve insanoğlunun etkinlikleri göz önüne alınarak, gruplar halinde verilmiştir; (ii) Dünya ve Türkiye’de deniz kirliliği ve gemi ...kazaları genel perspektifte irdelenmiştir; (iii) petrol ve petrol türevli atıkların kontrolü, depolanması ve arıtımı için Dünya ve Türkiye’de yürürlükte olan kanun, yönetmelikler ve sözleşmeler tartışılmıştır; (iv) gemilerden kaynaklanan deniz kirliliğini önlemek için kurulan atık kabul tesisleri-işletim kural ve kontrolleri belirtilerek, neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu, kapasiteleri, hangi bölümlerden oluştukları açıklanarak- tartışılmıştır; (v) Dünya ve Türkiye’den atık kabul tesisi örnekleri sıralanmıştır; (vi) seçilen örneklere dayanarak Türkiye’de işletilen atık kabul tesislerinin ihtiyaçları ne ölçüde karşıladığı ve nasıl yönetildiği, kurulum-işletme maliyetleri ve atık kabul tesislerini iyileştirmek için ele alınması gerekli önlemler üzerinde durularak, değerlendirilmiştir.
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