Bu çalışmada (i) deniz kirliliğine neden olan faktörler, ana kaynaklar ve insanoğlunun etkinlikleri göz önüne alınarak, gruplar halinde verilmiştir; (ii) Dünya ve Türkiye’de deniz kirliliği ve gemi ...kazaları genel perspektifte irdelenmiştir; (iii) petrol ve petrol türevli atıkların kontrolü, depolanması ve arıtımı için Dünya ve Türkiye’de yürürlükte olan kanun, yönetmelikler ve sözleşmeler tartışılmıştır; (iv) gemilerden kaynaklanan deniz kirliliğini önlemek için kurulan atık kabul tesisleri-işletim kural ve kontrolleri belirtilerek, neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu, kapasiteleri, hangi bölümlerden oluştukları açıklanarak- tartışılmıştır; (v) Dünya ve Türkiye’den atık kabul tesisi örnekleri sıralanmıştır; (vi) seçilen örneklere dayanarak Türkiye’de işletilen atık kabul tesislerinin ihtiyaçları ne ölçüde karşıladığı ve nasıl yönetildiği, kurulum-işletme maliyetleri ve atık kabul tesislerini iyileştirmek için ele alınması gerekli önlemler üzerinde durularak, değerlendirilmiştir.
Bu çalışmada (i) deniz kirliliğine neden olan faktörler, ana kaynaklar ve insanoğlunun etkinlikleri göz önüne alınarak, gruplar halinde verilmiştir; (ii) Dünya ve Türkiye’de deniz kirliliği ve gemi ...kazaları genel perspektifte irdelenmiştir; (iii) petrol ve petrol türevli atıkların kontrolü, depolanması ve arıtımı için Dünya ve Türkiye’de yürürlükte olan kanun, yönetmelikler ve sözleşmeler tartışılmıştır; (iv) gemilerden kaynaklanan deniz kirliliğini önlemek için kurulan atık kabul tesisleri-işletim kural ve kontrolleri belirtilerek, neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu, kapasiteleri, hangi bölümlerden oluştukları açıklanarak- tartışılmıştır; (v) Dünya ve Türkiye’den atık kabul tesisi örnekleri sıralanmıştır; (vi) seçilen örneklere dayanarak Türkiye’de işletilen atık kabul tesislerinin ihtiyaçları ne ölçüde karşıladığı ve nasıl yönetildiği, kurulum-işletme maliyetleri ve atık kabul tesislerini iyileştirmek için ele alınması gerekli önlemler üzerinde durularak, değerlendirilmiştir.
Summarized data on the fauna composition, distribution, and ecology of gastropod and bivalve mollusks of the Utlyuk Liman in the northwestern part of the Sea of Azov is presented. The total number of ...mollusk species identified was 63; 43 species belonged to the class Gastropoda, and 20 species, to the class Bivalvia. The distribution of mollusks in the liman has extremely irregular character, whereas the distribution of species along the marine shore of Biryuchii Ostrov spit is more homogeneous. Euryhaline Mediterranean species represent the core of liman malacofauna; some taxa of the Ponto-Caspian zoogeographical complex (
Dreissena polymorpha
and species of the genus
Theodoxus
) and invader species from distant sea basins (
Mya arenaria and Anadara inaequivalvis
) were also identified.
Determining the position of Liman Tepe's (ancient `Clazomenae') archaeological features relative to the coastline is important for understanding their intended function and reconstructing the ...character of Aegean maritime activities and sea‐based trade. Previous attempts at reconstructing harbour locations at Liman Tepe relied on extrapolating paleoenvironments based on modern surface topography. In light of this, samples from a sediment coring survey and terrestrial and underwater archaeological excavations were analysed using multi‐proxy geoarchaeological methods to determine paleoenvironmental facies. Micropaleontological (foraminifera), sedimentological (grain‐size analysis) and geochemical (δ13C/δ18O) analyses resulted in the reconstruction of the coastal paleogeomorphology, including the presence and absence of ancient harbouring areas. Neither of the previous coastal reconstructions was supported by the new results. Instead, two separate harbouring areas were recognized, one coincident with the Early Bronze Age (4800–3900 years bp) and a second during the archaic and classical periods (c. 2800–2400 years bp). These results emphasize the necessity for multi‐proxy geoarchaeological studies when approaching coastal archaeological sites as a means to reconstruct paleocoastal geomorphology and understand ancient maritime development better.
Birinci Dünya Savaşı, tarihin en önemli kırılma noktalarından biridir. Savaş sonrası dünya siyasi haritası büyük değişikliklere uğrarken, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu büyük toprak kayıpları ile birlikte ...tarih sahnesinden silindi. Ayrıca bu savaş II. Dünya Savaşı’na yol açtığı gibi günümüze de yansıyan pek çok siyasi ve sosyo-ekonomik etkileri oldu. Osmanlı Devleti açısından değerlendirildiğinde, savaşın gidişatını mutlak şekilde etkileyen Marne Cephesi’nin Osmanlı Devleti’ne etkileri incelendi. Almanların Marne yenilgisi sonrası savaştan beklentilerinin değişmesi ve zafere olan inançlarının azalmasına rağmen Osmanlı Devleti’nin sonu belli bir savaşa girmiş olması da bu çalışmanın çıkış noktasını oluşturdu.
The article reports about the results of the new population of protected herb species studying in the Rostov region and in the Russian Federation - Cymbochasma borysthenica (Pall are given. ex ...Schlecht.) Klok. Zoz (Orobanchaceae), registered in 2014 on the northern coast of Mius Liman in the Rostov-on-Don Region. The new habitat is located at considerable distance from the earlier known. The population area has about 200 sq. m, total number – more than 1000 uneven-age specimens of a seed and vegetative origin. Population consists of two cenopopulations one of which lives in community of transitional type from a timyannik to a stony steppe (association: Festuca valesiaca – Cleistogenes bulgarica – Cymbochasma borysthenica – Thymus dimorphus), another – as a part of the stony steppe (association: Festuca valesiaca + Agropyron pectinatum + Galatella villosa), created at the limestone shell rock exits. Cenopopulation in community of transitional type, despite the smaller area (50 sq. m), differs by more number and density. Both cenopopulations are similar in age ranges character and vitality of specimens. They belong to a normal type (capable to vegetative and seed self-maintenance) with a left-side age range that allows estimating them as rather stable, despite very limited area
In order to reconstruct past sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) in the East Sea (Japan Sea), this study investigated the oxygen isotopic composition of the planktonic foraminifer
...Globigerina bulloides, and the degree of unsaturation of alkenones in bulk sediments of core TY99PC18 recovered from the southeastern part of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. Between 11 and 15 cal kyr BP, the surface waters were 2–4 °C cooler than today. The surface salinity was 12‰ lower during 14–15 cal kyr BP than today, then increased after 14 cal kyr BP, but remained lower during 11–14 cal kyr BP than present values. Between 14 and 15 cal kyr BP, the northern East China Sea surface waters were likely to be greatly diluted by fresh water discharge from land, and coastal waters would have flowed into the East Sea through the Korea Strait. During 11–14 cal kyr BP, the southern input waters most likely changed from fresh water-influenced coastal water to open ocean water. The increased salinity probably enhanced active deep water convection at that time. During 7–11 cal kyr BP, the surface waters were warmer (∼
1 °C) and more saline (1–3‰) than today, indicating that the warm and saline Kuroshio Current became stronger, and that one of its branches flowed into the East Sea during this time interval. The cold (∼
2 °C) and less saline waters (∼
1‰) at 3–6 cal kyr BP may indicate a suppression of the Kuroshio Current. The SST and SSS values are close to the present values at about 3 cal kyr BP, suggesting that the physiological conditions of the East Sea approached that of the present at this time.
The Gallipoli campaign is still a widely studied issue in Turkey and abroad. Gallipoli reminds us of the Anafartalar hero Mustafa Kemal and the legend of the victory written by the Turkish soldiers ...despite all the impossibilities. It is little known that the Turkish troops were commanded by a German general called Liman von Sanders, and the fact that there were a lot of German officers in his command chain should be remembered. Nevertheless, incomparable to the number of the Turkish soldiers and much less than them, there were a small number of German troops who fought and lost their lives during the Gallipoli campaign. In fact, when the knowledge and the related documents of the period then are analyzed, it will not be wrong to conclude that the German public opinion is not aware of this fact, or has little interest in it. Moreover, some significant knowledge and comments can be found in the memoirs of the German officers that served in the campaign, but few German historians who are interested in Gallipoli are knowledgeable about them. The letters written by Liman von Sanders, having three different dates, obtained from the German archives, in relation to the publication of "The Gallipoli War" by the German officer Carl Mühlmann form the focus of this study. In his letters, Sanders suggests some interesting claims about the Gallipoli wars. These are as follows: Enver Pasha risked the fate of the Ottoman Empire by opposing the deployment of an army in Gallipoli; Mustafa Kemal, who executed Sanders' orders only, attributed the accomplishments of the war to himself without giving credit to anyone else, resulting in exaggeration; it was the Germans who deployed and directed all the artillery units in the Anafartalar region; it was "only the Germans" who ruled the command chain during the war. In our study, the work of the German officers who fought during the campaign, notably Sanders, Mühlmann, and Heuck has been studied and assessed in relation to the claims posited in Liman von Sanders' letters.
Data collected in 2005–2009 are analyzed to study the main features of hydrological processes in the main part of the Amur estuary—the Amur Liman. Data on the morphological structure of the liman and ...the surge and tidal phenomena are analyzed. The variability of salinity field in different phases of river hydrological cycle is studied. Wind currents are shown to have an appreciable effect on the water exchange and river runoff distribution between the seas of Japan and Okhotsk in the ice-free season. In summer, the Amur runoff enters the Sea of Okhotsk. The main features of the structure of liman water in summer are identified. The northern part of the estuary is freshened by river runoff and partially mixed; it has a two-layer structure. A salt wedge forms at the northern exit from the liman into the Sea of Okhotsk, and strong water stratification is observed there.
The researches of hydrochemistry of water and bottom sediments on pollutants and plankton in hypersalinic Solenoe Lake and Gor’kiy Liman were carried out for the first time. In July 2010 the waters ...of these basins were characterized by excess of maximum allowable concentration for heavy metals, phenols, biological consumption of oxygen, the bottom sediments – in excess of soil guideline values for heavy metals and oil products. The bloom by the euglenoid Eutreptia sp. was noted in Gor’kiy Liman. Using the parameters of density of the halophilic crustacean Artemia (from 35 to 126 thousand ind./m3, on average 72.7 thousand ind./m3) and of curative property of a brine (166–199 ‰), the ultrahalinic lake Solenoe can be assigned to the group of reservoirs having important regional value. This basin should be included in the specially-protected natural territory “Anapa Spit”.
PDF
