Despite differences in regional climates, cities world-wide have developed one common characteristic - the urban heat island (UHI). Its magnitude is related to city size, especially under cloudless ...sky conditions on a regional basis, although individual cities may be impacted by such local factors as proximity to large water bodies or prevailing winds. The UHI pattern in the small city of Ljutomer was examined in order to assess its intensity and morphology and to test the utility of the geographically weighted regression (GWR) method in modeling the regression relationships between mean air temperature and related influence factors in this small-scale urban example. Significant differences in mean air temperature between urban and rural areas were measured. It turned out that built-up areas in Ljutomer are on average 1 °C warmer than the rural surroundings in winter time. The regression analyses confirmed the important role of local non-stationary explanatory variables - distance to urban area, topographic position index and land-cover diversity - and global stationary variables - building volume per area and northness - in explaining spatial variation in mean air temperature. The relationships between mean air temperature and these five explanatory variables produced an overall model fit of 91%, utilizing the semiparametric GWR method, which was tested on the smallest scale so far published.
•The GWR analysis highlighted local variations of some model parameters.•The UHI pattern could be explained with local and global explanatorily variables.•Local regression analysis can be used in UHI studies even in small scale examples.
Ground surface temperature (GST) history can be evaluated by analysing the present-day temperature-depth profiles measured in boreholes. Due to the diffusive character of the process, however, the ...resolution of the method decreases quickly for the more remote events. The reconstructed GST at a given moment in the past is a weighted average of temperature over a certain period of time. The present study shows that because the cold climate of the last (Weichselian) glacial prevailed in the period of 75–10 ka, there is a chance to obtain its mean GST, despite the large averaging intervals, from temperature profiles measured in deep boreholes. This fact is demonstrated on the GST inversions of carefully selected profiles, three from the Czech Republic and two from Slovenia, the depth of which ranges between 1.5 and 2.4 km. They yield GST histories with a minimum between 19 and 10 ka followed by a warming of 6–15 K. In order to suppress the nonclimatic noise and to extract the common signal, the joint inversions were carried out for the Czech and the Slovenian boreholes, respectively. The Czech data show the minimum at 17 ka and the warming of 8 K. The Slovenian data have the minimum at 16 ka and the warming amounts to 7 K. These results agree well with information extracted earlier from the German KTB super deep borehole, where the inversion of the temperature log indicated 10 K warming since the glacial minimum, and represent an independent estimate of the difference between glacial and interglacial conditions typical for the region of Central Europe.
Višinski posnetek Glavnega trga v smeri župnijske cerkve. Črno- belo. Desno dodan prazen rob za standardizacijo mere. Zgoraj zapis kraja, levo zapis fotografa in izdajatelja, spodaj zapis lokacije. ...Pripisano besedilo, datum in nalepljena znamka brez žiga.Ozadje razglednice vsebuje linije za potrebe izpisa in naziv dopisnica. Razglednica je bila odposlana 1905, ima ohranjeno znamko in dva slabše berljiva poštna žiga.
