To synthesize a variety of pyrimidine analogs, 3, 4, 5, 6(a–d), 7(a–d) and their anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity was determined.
Using 5-bromo-2,4-dichloropyrimidine and hydrazine hydrate, ...new compounds were synthesized. The structures of all the new compounds are established on the basis of FT-IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral data. Anticonvulsant study was done by MES seizure model and rotorod method was employed to determine the neurotoxicity. Antioxidant activity was done by DPPH method.
All the compounds were synthesized in good yield. Among the new compounds, 6c and 7c are found to be most potent and showed no neurotoxicity. All the compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, where compounds 7b, 7a and 6b were the best radical scavengers.
The results obtained justify the usage of these compounds from their promising anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the nature of groups is very important for anticonvulsant activity in MES model.
Display omitted
Display omitted
•Microbial electrosynthesis cells (MESs) were assessed for AD biogas upgrading.•Electrode-attached cells play a key role in converting CO2 to CH4 in an MES.•The MES produced 10.55L ...CH4/m2 cat /day with a final content of 96%•8.8L CH4/m2 cat /day and 95% was achieved using real AD biogas.•The energy efficiency of CH4 conversion was compared in a lab and bench-scale MES.
Upgrading biogas from anaerobic digestion (AD) has been highlighted as an alternative renewable energy source to replace geopolitically limited natural gas. The CO2 content of AD effluent is more than 40%, making it necessary to separate or increase the CH4 content to 95%. This study examined microbial electrosynthesis (MES) to convert CO2 directly to CH4 by a cathode electrode-attached cell. The MES with a −1.0 V (versus Ag/AgCl) applied cathodic potential exhibited a maximum methane production rate of 10.55 L CH4/m2 cat/day and achieved a 96% final CH4 content. Applying real biogas from a field AD plant resulted in a comparable production rate of 8.8L CH4/ m2 cat/ day with 95% CH4. The scaled-up bench MES reactor (total volume of 6L) was evaluated, and the energy efficiencies of the laboratory- and bench-scale MES were compared. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed most methanogens (e.g., Methanobacterium, Methanothrix, and Methanobrevibacter) to be associated with the cathode surface rather than suspension. Cyclic voltammetry and field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that the electrode-associated cell predominantly controls the performance of the MES system. These results suggest that electrode-attached cells play a major role in the biogas upgrading of CO2 to CH4 in the MES system.
The coordination of various energy vectors under the concept of multi-energy system (MES) has introduced new sources of operational flexibility to system managers. In this paper, the behavior of ...multi-energy players (MEP) who can trade with more than one energy carrier to maximize their profits and mitigate their operational risks has been investigated. The MES is represented based on a multilayer structure, namely the energy market, MEP, the local energy system (LES), and multi-energy demand. In such environment, an MEP aggregates LES and participates in the wholesale electricity market, simultaneously to maximize its profit. The decision-making conflict of the MEP with other energy players for the aggregation of LES and participation in the electricity market is modeled based on a bilevel approach. Numerical results show the behavior of the MEP as a prosumer in the electricity market to produce smoother demand and price profiles. Results reveal a mutual effect of local and wholesale equilibrium prices by increasing the share of the MEP.
•Trends in Industry 4.0 (I4.0) are influencing the development of manufacturing execution systems.•I4.0-related requirements of MES functionalities are determined.•MESs should interconnect all ...components of cyber-physical systems.•Formal models and ontologies will play essential role in I4.0 systems.•The overview can serve as a guide for engineers as well as for researchers.
This work presents how recent trends in Industry 4.0 (I4.0) solutions are influencing the development of manufacturing execution systems (MESs) and analyzes what kinds of trends will determine the development of the next generation of these technologies. This systematic and thematic review provides a detailed analysis of I4.0-related requirements in terms of MES functionalities and an overview of MES development methods and standards because these three aspects are essential in developing MESs. The analysis highlights that MESs should interconnect all components of cyber-physical systems in a seamless, secure, and trustworthy manner to enable high-level automated smart solutions and that semantic metadata can provide contextual information to support interoperability and modular development. The observed trends show that formal models and ontologies will play an even more essential role in I4.0 systems as interoperability becomes more of a focus and that the new generation of linkable data sources should be based on semantically enriched information. The presented overview can serve as a guide for engineers interested in the development of MESs as well as for researchers interested in finding worthwhile areas of research.
The valorization of CO2 to valuable products via microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a technology transcending the disciplines of microbiology, (electro)chemistry, and engineering, bringing ...opportunities and challenges. As the field looks to the future, further emphasis is expected to be placed on engineering efficient reactors for biocatalysts, to thrive and overcome factors which may be limiting performance. Meanwhile, ample opportunities exist to take the lessons learned in traditional and adjacent electrochemical fields to shortcut learning curves. As the technology transitions into the next decade, research into robust and adaptable biocatalysts will then be necessary as reactors shape into larger and more efficient configurations, as well as presenting more extreme temperature, salinity, and pressure conditions.
In the past decade, research in the field of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) has been driven forward by the development of cathode materials, electroactive bacteria or microbiome enrichment, and productivity improvements.As the close of three complete funding cycles for the field is reached, recent reviews have sought to refocus emphasis to the eventual application of MES; a means of measurably reducing CO2 waste via the formation of valuable products.Using present knowledge of bioelectrochemistry, and by learning lessons from adjacent fields, it becomes apparent that the simplest gains in performance are likely to come from advancements in the reactor rather than the biocatalysts. Varying the reactor and operating conditions of the system, however, require adapting these biocatalysts.
The food industry has been widely regarded as an effective sector due to its contribution to the national economy, job creation, and people's welfare. Malaysia as one effective country in the food ...industry and leading country in Halal food brand emphasized the importance of food quality in both operation and supply chain. Despite the importance of the Halal food industry to countries' economy including Malaysia, this industry is facing multiple challenges. In addition, halal food literature still in the infant stage despite the rapid growth of this important industry. Therefore, this review study aims to identify the challenges that surrounded the Halal industry worldwide generally and Malaysian firms particularly. This study also aims to identify the potential solution to overcome Halal food challenges. The finding of this study uncovers multiple challenges surrounded the Halal food industry in operation, marketing, and certification processes. This study also suggests that the application of the manufacturing execution system can bring a new insight to overcome Halal food challenges. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a clear understanding of Halal food industry operation and certification and their challenges and explains how MES can improve the efficiency of this industry.
•A linearized EH coupling relationship modeling method is formulated.•It facilitates the automatic modeling of arbitrary configurations of MES.•The flexibility of an EH that can meet the demands is ...systemically analyzed.•An efficient linear programing based interval optimization model is proposed.
The integration of multiple energy systems (MES) provides opportunities to explore the flexibility to accommodate more renewable energy. The concept and methodology of energy hub (EH) enable the standardized modeling of district MES. However, current EH formulations introduce nonlinearities into the modeling and present challenges to analysis and optimization. This paper proposes an automatic and linearized modeling method to formulate energy conversion in EHs, which simplifies the optimization of EH operations. On this basis, the flexibility of an EH is analyzed and quantitatively evaluated based on the ranks of the coupling matrices of the EH and its feasible operational region. Finally, an application of the linearized model on the interval optimization model is illustrated to show how it can suppress uncertainties and fluctuations in distributed renewable energy. A case study is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and the rationality of the flexibility analysis by comparing two EHs with different flexibilities.
Operando DRIFT spectroscopy is used to elucidate the role of key reaction intermediates during toluene oxidation on a Pd/CeO2 catalyst and bare CeO2 support. Selective identification of active ...surface species and their discrimination from spectators were carried out by combining concentration-modulation excitation spectroscopy (c-MES) experiments with phase-sensitive detection (PSD) spectral analysis. The resolution of highly overlapped infrared bands in MES-PSD spectra was performed by a chemometric multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) method. Pd/CeO2 catalyst completely oxidizes toluene to CO2 (T50 = 235 ºC), while pure CeO2 activates the toluene molecule but incomplete combustion to CO and formaldehyde is observed. Our results revealed that the methyl group of adsorbed toluene on the ceria surface is activated by subtraction of an H atom by a lattice O−2, forming benzyl (C6H5CH2-) species intermediate. Then, the benzyl species is stepwise oxidized to benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoate. Subsequent decarboxylation of benzoate and oxidation of the aromatic ring produces formate and aldehyde-like species, which are finally oxidized to CO2 and water. Alternatively, the benzoate intermediate can be oxidized to anhydride species (maleic anhydride or succinic anhydride) that accumulates on the surface and are slowly oxidized to CO2. The main role of the palladium metal nanoparticles is to facilitate the replenishing of the lattice oxygen via a metal-assisted Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. These findings provide molecular insights into a key environmental catalysis process, which will improve the rational design of optimized catalytic systems.
Display omitted
•Pd/CeO2 catalyst selectively oxidizes toluene to CO2.•Operando DRIFT shows adsorption and oxidation of toluene on ceria support.•Modulation excitation experiments allow identification of surface intermediates.•Highly overlapped bands are resolved using a chemometric (MCR-ALS) method.•Benzyl, benzaldehyde, benzoate and aldehyde-like species are observed.
Identifying the primary sources of exergy destruction is a powerful method for promoting the high-efficiency operation of multi-energy supply systems. Advanced exergy analysis identifies avoidable ...parts of the destruction and discovers interactions between subsystems of a multi-energy complementary coupled system to explore the potential for system improvement. In this paper, a wind-solar‑hydrogen multi-energy supply (WSH-MES) system is studied, in which wind farms, photovoltaic power plants, solar thermal power plants, and hydrogen grid systems are coupled at the grid side to share the electrical load. To optimize power generation and improve system performance, a bi-level capacity-operation co-optimization model is developed specifically for the WSH-MES system. The upper level of the model employs a multi-objective optimization approach to find the best balance between energy, exergy, and advanced exergy and economy. The model is solved using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II and linear programming. To gain insights into the system's performance, advanced exergy analysis is performed under the optimal capacity configuration. By considering avoidable exergy destruction efficiency and exergy destruction proportion, the sequence of optimization potential for the WSH-MES system is determined. Surprisingly, the findings entirely different from that of conventional exergy analysis and reveal the interrelations between the analyzed subsystems. The sequence of optimization potential for the WSH-MES system is found to be as follows: concentrated solar power, photovoltaics, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, wind power, and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. The identified optimization potential provides valuable guidance for improving energy efficiency, reducing costs, minimizing environmental impact, and serves as a reference for the design and optimization of new systems.
•A bi-level model is proposed to obtain optimal capacity and operation simultaneously.•A mathematical model for advanced exergy analysis was developed and applied to the WSH-MES system.•The improvement potential and interactions among the subsystems are assessed.•The operating conditions are proposed to improve the WSH-MES system performance.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization/recycling for the production of chemicals and gaseous/liquid energy-carriers is a way to moderate the rising CO2 in the atmosphere. One of the possible solutions for ...the CO2 sequestration is the electrochemical reduction of this stable molecule to useful fuel/products. Nevertheless, the surface chemistry of CO2 reduction is a challenge due to the presence of large energy barriers, requiring noticeable catalysis. The recent approach of microbial electrocatalysis of CO2 reduction has promising prospects to reduce the carbon level sustainably, taking full advantage of CO2-derived chemical commodities. We review the currently investigated bioelectrochemical approaches that could possibly be implemented to enable the handling of CO2 emissions. This review covers the most recent advances in the bioelectrochemical approaches of CO2 transformations in terms of biocatalysts development and process design. Furthermore, the extensive research on carbon fixation and conversion to different value added chemicals is reviewed. The review concludes by detailing the key challenges and future prospects that could enable economically feasible microbial electrosynthesis technology.
Display omitted
•Recent progress of bioelectrochemical CO2 reduction to products has been reviewed.•Significant progress has been made in recent years on CO2 conversion to products.•Most bioelectrochemical CO2 reduction approaches seem to be mediated by hydrogen.•Future biobased CO2 refinery will integrate CO2 reduction with chain-elongation.
PDF
