On December 19, 1948, Dutch military forces were able to capture major cities in Java and Sumatra but could not control rural areas or remote areas. It was their weakness, so General Soedirman used ...it to fight against the Dutch during the Second Military Aggression. This research aims to analyze the role of Indonesia's geographic conditions in General Soedirman's strategic achievement and its potential influence on Indonesia's defensive posture during the Second Dutch Military Aggression. The research method used in this article is qualitative, with a literature study approach of collecting information and conducting library research from books, historical documents, and journals. The results of the analysis show that the geographical characteristics of the Java region, which has a diverse landscape, provided ideal terrain for Soedirman's troops and became a driving force for Indonesia's success in facing the Dutch; this had the effect of exhausting the enemy and contributed to the military failure of the Dutch troops.
The labor market is one of the main and most complex elements of a market economy. It is a system of organization of wage labor based on market laws, which includes employers who demand labor, ...employees who form the supply of labor in this market, as well as mechanisms and institutions to reconcile the interests of workers and employers. The purpose of the article is a statistical and expert analysis of the labor market in Ukraine and the formation of promising areas of its development in terms of postwar expectations and the impact of global processes. Statistical analysis of the main indicators of the labor market showed that the share of employees and the wage fund by type of economic activity are approximately the same. While the level of average wages in Ukraine differs significantly from them by type of economic activity. This is the reason for the formation of demand for the relevant professions. Based on expert analysis, it is established that the most popular in Ukraine are specialties in the field of services. There are significant differences in the expectations of employers and the wishes of job seekers. There is a shortage of staff and a gradual alleviation of the problem of ageism. Globalization processes have shifted the importance of the profession towards the acquired skills. On the one hand, the acceleration of automation and the growth of cyber risks have increased the interest of employers in such new specialties related to artificial intelligence. On the other hand, skills such as critical thinking, the ability to analyze, the ability to solve problems, the ability to learn, endurance, resilience to stress, flexibility become more relevant. Russia's military aggression has changed the list of professions that will be most in demand in the postwar period. The main professional directions for the reconstruction of the country's economy are analyzed. These include both highly intelligent (engineers, architects, doctors, lawyers, psychologists, programmers, managers and marketers) and working professions.
The purpose of the article is to develop a methodical approach to assessing the consequences of crises of non-economic origin and their synergistic effect for Ukraine. The article analyzes ...contemporary approaches to identifying the economic consequences of crises of natural, biological and military origin and shows that the situation in Ukraine is characterized by a layering of consequences of crises of both military and biological origin, which complicates the assessment. A classification of the consequences of crises of non-economic origin is proposed, which includes the scope of manifestation of consequences, pace and sequence, scale, duration of impact and time of occurrence, and is aimed at choosing methods for assessing and predicting the consequences. A schematic diagram of a scientific-methodical approach to assessing the consequences of crises of non-economic origin has been developed, which involves an assessment that is carried out in four dimensions: the direction of assessment (in accordance with the sphere of manifestations of the crisis), the subjective-objective (in accordance with the methods of assessment used), the temporal (in accordance with the stages of the emergence and unfolding of the crisis), and macro-mesoeconomic (in accordance with the scale of the crisis) dimensions, and thus allows to form a cognitive map of the consequences of a crisis of a certain etiology. It is shown that for Ukraine in the current crisis, it is expedient to single out two stages of assessment: the 1st – the deployment of the pandemic, the 2nd – military aggression against the background of the pandemic, as well as the use of expert assessment methods at the second stage. Based on the analysis of world experience, indicators for assessing the consequences of the crisis are proposed. The developed scientific-methodical approach allows to identify the most vulnerable sectors of the economy, to define causal relationships in the process of spreading in the economy and social sphere of the country of the crisis caused by both the pandemic and military aggression, is of universal nature, and can be used for researching the crises of various non-economic origins, also for developing a system for monitoring and preventing the spread of crises.
The urgency of the problem is determined by the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine. There at more than a thousand educational institutions were destroyed or damaged, and 60% of ...Ukrainian children were forced to become refugees: acquire internally displaced persons in Ukraine or migrate to different countries. During the Russian military aggression in Ukraine in 2022, more than 563 children were injured, 202 children died, and more than 361children were wounded (as of April 17, 2022). Nowadays, when in some regions of Ukraine there is a real threat to life and health of citizens, and in most regions the air alarm is repeatedly announced during the day, the organization of the educational process even by distance learning or using its elements is becoming an increasing problem.
The aim of the article is to highlight the historical experience of protecting education from hostilities, forming a legal framework for the protection of civilians and children as a particularly vulnerable category in armed conflict, the formation of a modern system of international humanitarian law to protect the right of children and youth to education. The author used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and methods of historical research: periodization, historical-comparative, historical-genetic, historical-systemic.
The article presents facts from world history that testify to the protection of educational institutions, civilians and children during military conflicts. It is emphasized that in the XX-XXI centuries schools and universities were widely used by the combatants for military purposes: to house personnel or as bases and ammunition depots, detention centers and other military purposes, which affects participants in the educational process and educational staff institutions at risk. The author notes that the right of children and young people in education is violated in most countries affected by conflict or instability. The consequences of attacks on educational institutions are injuries and deaths, destruction of educational infrastructure, reduced quality of education and training, lack of social protection of participants in the educational process, which makes it impossible for countries to realize the right of children and youth to education.
The article focuses on modern Ukrainian realities determined by Russian military aggression.
Ukraine’s course towards sustainable development requires the implementation of modern practices of interaction in the triangle of the state, business and society. There is a need to develop ...institutional mechanisms for harmonization and strengthening comparability of corporate reporting at the international level in the context of the sustainable development goals. The purpose of the article was to develop organizational and methodological issues of monitoring the corporate sector’s contribution to achieving the sustainable development goals at the stage of Ukraine’s post-war recovery. Methods of analysis and synthesis (to study the consequences of Russia’s military aggression), comparison (when analysing the requirements of international normative acts for the structure, stages of formation and a set of reporting indicators), a process approach (for the development of recommendations for a database creation) have been applied in the research. The consequences of Russia’s military aggression for the economic development of Ukraine and the achievement of sustainable development goals have been analysed. The institutional mechanisms of strengthening harmonization and comparability of reporting on sustainable development at the international level in the context of the sustainable development goals achievement have been substantiated. Recommendations for the creation of the “State Repository of Reports on Sustainable Development of Enterprises and Organizations of Ukraine” have been developed. A national institutional model for the calculation of indicator 12.6.1 “The number of enterprises publishing reports on sustainable development” has been constructed. It is proposed to expand the set of indicators for releasing information on anti-corruption practices by disclosing indicator D.2.3 “Amount of funds (in US dollars) directed to anti-corruption measures, including the training of one employee on anti-corruption issues, per year”. The obtained results can be used for the development of institutional mechanisms for the coordination of global and strategic documents at the global and national levels in order to create a unified vision of the countries’ contribution to the achievement of sustainable development goals
Stuxnet and the Future of Cyber War Farwell, James P.; Rohozinski, Rafal
Survival (London),
02/2011, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The discovery in June 2010 that a cyber worm dubbed 'Stuxnet' had struck the Iranian nuclear facility at Natanz suggested that, for cyber war, the future is now. Yet more important is the political ...and strategic context in which new cyber threats are emerging, and the effects the worm has generated in this respect. Perhaps most striking is the confluence between cyber crime and state action. States are capitalising on technology whose development is driven by cyber crime, and perhaps outsourcing cyber attacks to non-attributable third parties, including criminal organisations. Cyber offers great potential for striking at enemies with less risk than using traditional military means. It is unclear how much the Stuxnet program cost, but it was almost certainly less than the cost of single fighter-bomber. Yet if damage from cyber attacks can be quickly repaired, careful strategic thought is required in comparing the cost and benefits of cyber versus traditional military attack. One important benefit of cyber attack may be its greater opportunity to achieve goals such as retarding the Iranian nuclear programme without causing the loss of life or injury to innocent civilians that air strikes would seem more likely to inflict. Nevertheless, cyber attacks do carry a risk of collateral damage, with a risk of political blowback if the attacking parties are identified. Difficulty in identifying a cyber attacker presents multiple headaches for responding. A key strategic risk in cyber attack, finally, lies in potential escalatory responses. Strategies for using cyber weapons like Stuxnet need to take into account that adversaries may attempt to turn them back against us.
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