A country’s energy security is an important component of its overall national security, as energy supply is essential for the functioning of its national economy and the livelihoods of its ...population. The purpose of this research is to develop practical tools for analyzing the condition of Ukraine’s energy sector, and to provide practical recommendations for potential development and integration into the single European energy system. The practical value of the research findings is that the SWOT-analysis (Strengths – Weakness – Opportunities – Troubles) of the energy sector of Ukraine which makes it possible to identify the most acute problems and threats that have a negative impact on the energy sector of Ukraine and its integration into the European common energy system. Based on the results of the conducted SWOT-analysis, three potential scenarios for the development of Ukraine’s energy sector are proposed: a “no change” scenario (preservation of current trends and state of affairs); an “unfriendly influence” scenario (no systemic changes in energy policy combined with the escalation of aggression by the Russian Federation); and a “positive transformation” scenario (targeted efforts aimed at achieving the goals set out in this Strategy). The paper suggests the following possible ways of ensuring energy import substitution for Ukraine: development of renewable energy; development of energy efficiency; development of its own oil and gas industry; development of alternative energy sources; diversification of energy import sources; development of energy infrastructure; developing energy self-sufficiency in its individual regions.
The events of February 2022, related to the military aggression of the Russian Federation and a full-scale attack on Ukraine, became the greatest catastrophe of the XXI century and the most brutal ...war on European soil since the World War II, and is gradually being defined as the World War III in terms of its impact on global political and economic relations and the use of military weaponry. Although no final assessment can be made (the war is ongoing), the undeniable consequence of Russia's aggression has been the disruption of the world order built after World War II and the risk of global chaos. One of the most powerful consequences of the war was an unprecedented wave of Ukrainian migration, the lion's share of which took place in Europe. While European countries, faced with an unprecedented influx of refugees, are withstanding the socio-economic burden with dignity, Ukraine is in fact in a demographic catastrophe. The wave of forced migration coincided with long-term demographic problems: a decline in the birth rate, an increase in the number of middle-aged people, and the outflow of population during the war. All these processes will have a steady impact on global migration and political processes. New instruments of state and global regulation of these processes will be required. They will also require the formation of a new paradigm of global economic development. The purpose of the study is to deepen the research on identifying and assessing the preconditions and consequences of migration processes in the world under the influence of military operations in Ukraine. The paper examines the impact of migration processes on globalisation and economic processes in Europe and the world; the dynamics of the share of labour migrants in the total labour force by income level of destination countries in 2013, 2017, 2020; the peculiarities of the migration wave of Ukrainians evacuated due to the military aggression of the Russian Federation in 2022. generalised statistical information on the migration processes of Ukrainians in the period 01.02.2023-21.06.2023; detailed statistical data on the number of Ukrainian citizens abroad (as of 01.02.2023) by migrant countries; political and socio-cultural context of the formation of a new paradigm of migration processes. The full implications for Ukrainian migration will be summarised after the war is over, but the following interim conclusions are relevant today. Results. The analysis of migration processes in the world and Europe in the current context suggests that migration is actively taking place and contributes to the development of international integration, as it reduces the number of barriers and increases opportunities. The war in Ukraine will have a significant impact on the economy in terms of the following effects: disruption of global supply chains, increased inflationary pressures, higher energy and raw material prices; food prices will also rise as supplies of wheat and grain from Russia and Ukraine are disrupted; higher energy and commodity prices will cause further inflation, deterioration of economic prospects, reduced confidence and increased financial market risk associated with greater geopolitical tensions; worsening food security in some developing countries in the Middle East and Africa. On the other hand, migration is currently seen as a tool for long-term growth in the EU. The analysis shows that migration provides significant economic benefits, primarily to host countries. Currently, the EU is facing a growing shortage of skilled labour due to unfavourable demographic trends in Europe. Given the massive emigration of Ukrainian citizens to the EU, migrants are solving the problem of staff shortages. Considering that the emigration of Ukrainians provides for adequate social protection and legal support, which guarantees the right to settlement, work and education. The right to employment is readily exercised by Ukrainian migrants, as they are largely people of working age, primarily women. Conclusion. In general, it can be argued that the prospects for regional migration are currently linked to many factors and very uncertain prospects for a return to the pre-2022 or pre-pandemic EaP models. The war in Ukraine is already turning into a protracted conflict that will threaten both the economic situation of millions of people and the hopes of temporarily displaced Ukrainians to return home for a long time. As a result, displaced Ukrainians, the EU host countries and the Ukrainian government will have to deal with the new circumstances, adapting temporary modalities to longer-term solutions.
The article examines and analyzes the main types and means of assistance from Australia to Ukraine in its fight against Russian aggression. It outlines Australia’s priorities in the field of ...international security and its responses to Russia’s military expansion against Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article is based on the principles of systematic research of the modern history of international relations. Historical-genetic, comparative, and descriptive methods, as well as methods of critical analysis of sources and comparative analysis are used. The scientific novelty of the study consists of conducting a comprehensive analysis of Australia’s contribution to the resistance to Russian military aggression and monitoring trends in the development of relations between Australia and NATO states under the crisis conditions of modern geopolitical realities. Conclusions. The government of Australia considers the Russo-Ukrainian war as having significance beyond European security, taking on global importance. It declares its support and practically implements comprehensive and wide-ranging assistance to Ukraine. Among the main directions of this support are political and humanitarian measures, as well as the consolidation of international support through the establishment of sustainable cooperation with partners in areas related to ensuring national security and defense, and protecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. Australia, alongside its American and European partners, demonstrated its ability to contribute to the formation of international support against Russian aggression. In particular, it provided substantial military assistance to Ukraine. This is the most significant contribution from the countries of the Indo-Pacific region to Ukraine’s security.
The article examines structural shifts in the labor resources and demography of the Russian Federation, its economic potential and sources of filling the GDP. It was determined that the Russian ...Federation has income from the export of oil and gas, which it uses for the development of dual technologies and the production of military products. It was established that the Russian Federation uses its military potential to conduct armed conflicts, seize and annex the territories of other countries, or create unrecognized territorial groups that cannot develop their own economy and actually become colonies of the Russian Federation, which dictates its laws and places its military contingent on their territories. Such a policy allows the Russian Federation to seize not only territories, but also enterprises and even include the population in its composition, thereby, improving its demography. Armed conflicts are accompanied by human losses, but according to Russian statistics, before the invasion of Ukraine, the losses were not significant, and the inclusion of the population of the annexed territories into the Russian Federation only improved demography. The article builds a model that allows forming the composition of the population by age groups based on information about the birth of the population and taking into account the features of growing up and natural mortality. Using this model, it is possible to calculate the population size by age groups both for the entire population and separately for men and women. With the help of this model, the composition of the population by age groups was constructed based on information on annual birth rate starting from 1946 and taking into account the mortality rate at each age. The paper compares data on the composition of the population by age groups as of January 1, 2022 and data obtained with the help of the model. The comparison revealed anomalies in the data on the demographic composition of the population obtained from the censuses conducted in 2002, 2010 and 2020. The first anomaly is manifested in the fact that the population aged 15 to 50 years, given by official statistics as of 01/01/2022, exceeds the number of births in the corresponding years. Population migration statistics do not confirm such a movement. It was found that this could be a systematic error in the organization of the census processes. The second anomaly is a significant decrease in the population in the age groups over 50 years, which significantly exceeds the natural mortality of the population. It was determined that this may be the result of population losses during armed conflicts of past periods. The third anomaly is based on the fact that having additional revenues from the sale of oil and gas, the Russian Federation directs them not to improving the welfare of its own people, but to the production of murder weapons, trades in military equipment and uses it to carry out its own policy of seizing territories, annexing them, or creating unrecognized territorial groups that are unable form their own economy and become actually colonies of the Russian Federation. It was determined that such a strategy is terrorist for the world and genocide for its own people.
Since February 24, 2022, Ukraine has defended not only its sovereign territory, national identity, and democratic values but international law and the security of Europe. Russia’s military aggression ...against Ukraine disregards moral and legal norms of warfare. The army of any state reflects the moral, legal, technological, and intellectual caliber of its society. By now, most of the world has seen that the so-called “second best army of the world” is composed largely of poorly trained draftees, mercenaries, criminals, looters, rapists, and thieves who have violated all of the tenants of the international laws of war,1 in particular, the Geneva and Hague Conventions on the Laws of Land War.
The article presents the results of a study of the peculiarities of the mental health of an individual in the conditions of martial law. The article describes the main factors of the military state ...that cause mental injuries and their psychological consequences for military personnel. Some aspects of human behavior in emergency situations and military operations are distinguished. The positive, neutral and negative vectors of the influence of psychological factors of war on the participants of the war were identified and their content was revealed. The relevance of the study is determined by the course of recent events in Ukraine, in particular, Russia's wars against the Ukrainian people. The adaptive and maladaptive factors of the nature of adaptive psychological qualities that are formed in combatants in the conditions of military affairs as aspects of the neuropsychological manifestation of personality are characterized. The situation of the psychological return of combatants to peaceful living conditions was separately considered and the need to organize appropriate measures for social and psychological rehabilitation was substantiated. Data on foreign approaches and experience of such rehabilitation of war veterans are presented. Current problems of psychological diagnosis of combat post-traumatic stress disorder are considered. The importance of the formation of mental health during the war is emphasized. The purpose of the article is to study the mental health of an individual in the conditions of martial law as an aspect of neuropsychological perception of reality.
In the research process, the method of analysis, synthesis, research and scientific method was used. The result of the study is the determination of the characteristics of the neuropsychological state of the individual in the conditions of martial law.
