Ausgehend von der Gnome B 53 DK, die in der deutschen Übersetzung lautet: „Der Krieg ist von allem der Vater, von allem der König, und die einen erwies er als Götter, und die anderen als Menschen, ...die einen machte er zu Knechten und die anderen zu Freien“, wird Heraklits Auffassung des Gegensatzes von Krieg ( ) und Frieden ( ) erörtert. Dieser Gegensatz kommt in der Gnome B 67 zum Wort als einer der Grundgegensätze, in welchem sich das Werden des Werdenden im Ganzen gemäß dem Gesetz des ewigen Logos vollzieht. In der Gnome B 80, wo die Rede davon ist, dass der Krieg für alles Werdende gemeinsam ist ( ), wird dem Krieg dieselbe Bestimmung zugesprochen, wie dem Logos selbst. Der Krieg steht nicht nur im Gegensatz zum Frieden, sondern auch zur Harmonie ( ), wobei diese zwei zueinander gegensätzlichen und zusammengehörenden Grundbestimmungen des Logos sind, der das Selbe im Gegensatzverhältnis überhaupt ist. Der Krieg wird also in seiner ganzen Reichweite betrachtet, als Krieg zwischen Menschen und Göttern, als Streit innerhalb jedes einzelnen Werdenden und jedes einzelnen Werdenden und als das höchste Gesetz, als das höchste Gesetz des Werdens. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Begriff des Krieges wird auch der Begriff des Streites ( ) durchdacht, der in der Gnome B 80 mit der Gerechtigkeit ( ) gleichgesetzt ist. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Gegensatz von Krieg und Frieden bei Heraklit sich auf den Gegensatz von Auseinanderbringen ( ) und Zusammenbringen ( ), bzw. von Trennung und Vereinigung, zurückführen lässt, der dem Werden des Werdenden im Ganzen zugrunde liegt.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1 plays a key role in endothelial homeostasis by inducing microRNA (miR) let-7. Our previous paper showed that anti-fibrotic effects of ...N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) were associated with restoring diabetes-suppressed expression of FGFR1 and miR let-7, the key contributor of mitochondrial biogenesis, which is regulated by mitochondrial membrane GTPase proteins (MFN2 and OPA1). Here, we found that the FGFR1 signaling pathway was critical for AcSDKP in maintaining endothelial mitochondrial biogenesis through induction of miR let-7b-5p. In endothelial cells, AcSDKP restored the triple cytokines (TGF-β2, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α)-suppressed miR let-7b-5p and protein levels of the mitochondrial membrane GTPase. This effect of AcSDKP was lost with either fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) siRNA or neutralizing FGFR1-treated cells. Similarly, AcSDKP had no effect on the miR let-7b-5p inhibitor-suppressed GTPase levels in endothelial cells. In addition, a miR let-7b-5p mimic restored the levels of FRS2 siRNA-reduced GTPases in endothelial cells. These findings were also confirmed using MitoTracker Green and an immunofluorescence assay. Our results demonstrated that the AcSDKP-FGFR1 signaling pathway is critical for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics by control of miR let-7b-5p in endothelial cells.
•FGFR1 signaling deficiency suppressed endothelial mitochondrial membrane GTPases and the miR let-7b-5p levels.•AcSDKP restored the protein levels of triple cytokines-suppressed endothelial mitochondrial membrane GTPases.•AcSDKP had no effect on mitochondrial dynamic in the FGFR1 signaling or miR let-7b-5p deficient cells.•miR let-7b-5p mimic restored the FGFR1 signaling deficiency-altered mitochondrial dynamics.
Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar el costo del retiro anticipado de los métodos de planificación familiar. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de costo efectuado con base en los expedientes de usuarias de ...métodos de planificación familiar en una institución de salud del estado de Querétaro, México (2018 a 2021). La unidad de observación fue el expediente de mujeres que se retiraron anticipadamente los métodos: dispositivo intaruterino T de cobre (DiuTcu), Diu Mirena (DiuM) e implante subdérmico (IMSD). Se definió como retiro anticipado al sucedido antes del tiempo estimado de uso. Se analizaron todos los expedientes en donde estaba registrado el retiro anticipado. Se incluyó a toda la población, de ahí que no fue necesario establecer el tamaño de muestra. El costo del retiro anticipado se identificó a partir del costo unitario del método, tiempo esperado de uso y tiempo de no uso. El análisis estadístico incluyó: promedios, porcentajes, intervalos de confianza y proyecciones, para esto se utilizaron supuestos. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 1361 expedientes. El costo unitario del retiro anticipado del DiuTcu fue de 5.59 pesos (IC95%: 5.04 a 6.14), del DiuM de 1210.73 pesos (IC95%: 1029.58 a 1391.87) y del IMSD de 658.41 pesos (IC95%: 557.37 a 759.44). La proyección a la población mexicana del costo del retiro anticipado de los métodos de planificación familiar es 219,272,470 de pesos. CONCLUSIÓN: El costo del retiro anticipado de los métodos de planificación familiar es alto.
Peat, especially from acidic mires (bogs), is a natural archive of past environmental change. Reconstructions of past climate from bogs commenced in the 19th Century through examination of visible ...peat stratigraphy, and later formed the basis for a postglacial climatic scheme widely used in Northwest Europe. Nevertheless, misconceptions as to how bogs grow led to a 50-year lacuna in peat-climate study, before the concept of ‘cyclic regeneration’ in bogs was refuted. In recent decades, research using proxy-climate indicators from bogs has burgeoned. A range of proxies for past hydrological change has been developed, as well as use of pollen, bog oaks and pines and other data to reconstruct past temperatures. Most of this proxy-climate research has been carried out in Northern Europe, but peat-based research in parts of Asia and North America has increased, particularly during the last decade, while research has also been conducted in Australia, New Zealand and South America. This paper reviews developments in proxy-climate reconstructions from peatlands; chronicles use of a range of palaeo-proxies such as visible peat stratigraphy, plant macrofossils, peat humification, testate amoebae and non-pollen palynomorphs; and explains the use of wiggle-match radiocarbon dating and relationship to climate shifts. It details other techniques being used increasingly, such as biomarkers, stable-isotopes, inorganic geochemistry and estimation of dust flux; and points to new proxies under development. Although explicit protocols have been developed recently for research on ombrotrophic mires, it must be recognised that not all proxies and techniques have universal applicability, owing to differences in species assemblages, mire formation, topographic controls, and geochemical characteristics.
Mangrove forests are valuable ecosystems, but their extent and diversity are increasingly threatened by sea-level rise and anthropogenic pressures. Here we develop a bio-morphodynamic model that ...captures the interaction between multiple mangrove species and hydro-sedimentary processes across a dynamic coastal profile. Numerical experiments are conducted to elucidate the response of mangrove assemblages under a range of sea-level rise and sediment supply conditions, both in the absence and presence of anthropogenic barriers impeding inland migration. We find that mangrove coverage can increase despite sea-level rise if sediment supply is sufficient and landward accommodation space is available. Tidal barriers are mainly detrimental to mangrove coverage and result in species loss. Importantly, we show that bio-morphodynamic feedbacks can cause spatio-temporal variations in sediment delivery across the forest, leading to upper-forest sediment starvation and reduced deposition despite extended inundation. As such, bio-morphodynamic feedbacks can decouple accretion rates from inundation time, altering mangrove habitat conditions and causing mangrove diversity loss even when total forest coverage remains constant or is increasing. A further examination of bio-morphodynamic feedback strength reveals that vegetation-induced flow resistance linked to mangrove root density is a major factor steering the inundation-accretion decoupling and as such species distribution. Our findings have important implications for ecosystem vulnerability assessments, which should account for the interactions between bio-morphodynamics and mangrove diversity when evaluating the impacts of sea-level rise on species assemblages.
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