Renewing Nagasaki's Citizen Diplomacy Richards, Shorna-Kay
Journal for peace and nuclear disarmament,
01/2023, Letnik:
6, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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For three quarters of a century, the hibakusha (survivors of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki) have stood firm in their quest to save humanity from nuclear annihilation. Through their ...voice and action, the people of Nagasaki City have demonstrated the strength of citizen diplomacy. The voice of Nagasaki can be heard everywhere - strong in its call that Nagasaki must remain the last place to suffer an atomic bombing. Most significantly, the hibakusha's compelling testimonies brought the world the historic Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) in 2017. Despite this prohibition, the goal of a nuclear free world seems more elusive than ever, and the nuclear sceptre looms large. Today, the world faces a heightened risk of nuclear weapons use amid Russia's invasion of Ukraine. What should we do in this time of danger and opportunity? In commemoration of the 10th anniversary of its founding, the Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University and the Nagasaki Council for Nuclear Weapons Abolition organised a special public lecture on 29th October 2022, to examine current challenges in the path toward a nuclear weapons-free world and to re-evaluate the roles that the A-Bombed city should play in advancing this goal. This article, adapted from the public lecture, reaffirms the vital role that Nagasaki must continue to play through a renewal of its citizen diplomacy. It highlights lessons from the TPNW negotiations and the opportunities that its adoption has created for Nagasaki to strengthen and expand its citizen diplomacy.
The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the role and significance of “collective production” within the JRP (Japan Realist Photographers Association) and to outline the specific direction of the ...“new photography movement” that the group advocated. To achieve this, this paper primarily focuses on the analysis of the photobook The Testimony of Nagasaki (1970).Many of JRP’s collective productions were conducted at the branch level, with the themes often centered around issues within the local communities to which each branch belonged. As a result, JRP members, positioned as constituents sharing the same living space within the community, endeavored to engage with the concerns of the local residents. Such a mode of photography as “Involvement” explains one of the unique features of the JRP’s collective production. Moreover, the “collaborative” nature of production in the form of mutual interaction between the photographers and their subjects, as seen in The Testimony of Nagasaki, is another characteristic inherent to the JRP. It is within these practical aspects and approaches to collective production that JRP’s “new photography movement” aspired to open up possibilities for utilizing the camera as a means to advance society and promote liberation, aligning with their vision.
Bis heute gilt der Atombombenabwurf auf Hiroshima im August 1945 weltweit als Inbegriff der absoluten Zerstörung. Doch wie die Forschung zeigte, ist Hiroshima keinesfalls ein weltweit homogener ...Erinnerungsort, sondern von nationalen Erinnerungskulturen und Identitäten geprägt.
Stefanie Schäfers Geschichte des Friedensgedächtnismuseums Hiroshima arbeitet nun erstmals die Bedeutung lokaler Interessen für die Entstehung des öffentlichen Erinnerns an die Atombombe heraus. Zu Tage tritt ein komplexes Geflecht, welches das Atombombengedenken im Spannungsfeld zwischen Tourismus und Abrüstungsbewegung, zwischen Technikeuphorie und kollektiver Trauer zeigt. Dieser Blickwechsel lädt die Leser_innen ein, auch gängige Deutungsmuster in der Geschichte einer »westlichen« Erinnerungskultur zu hinterfragen.
The eighteenth century witnessed the rise of the China market and the changes that resulted in global consumption patterns, from opium smoking to tea drinking. In a valuable transnational ...perspective, Blussé chronicles the economic and cultural transformations in East Asia through three key cities--Canton, Nagasaki, and Batavia.
Subduction megathrusts below the land Moho slip at either steady creep or episodic slow slip events (SSEs). However, deformation styles and mechanisms responsible for aseismic megathrust slip remain ...unknown. We examined the subduction mélange in Kyushu, Japan, which consists of ultramafic, mafic, and sedimentary rocks. The mélange deformed at ∼470 °C under epidote-amphibolite facies condition, comparable to the inferred conditions of SSEs near the mantle wedge corner in the Nankai subduction zone. Subduction-related viscous shear in the mélange was concentrated into antigorite serpentinite and ultramafic schist mainly composed of chlorite and fine-grained actinolite, which is characterized by anastomosing scaly foliations and SC fabric. The mixing of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the mélange induced metasomatic reactions, resulting in the release of water from metasomatized mafic rock and the production of fine-grained actinolite in ultramafic schist. The fine-grained metasomatic actinolite exhibits chemical zoning of aluminum and truncation of the zoning parallel to S surface through dissolution-precipitation creep. Water released by metasomatic reactions may assist the dissolution-precipitation creep. Rheological analysis indicates that the dissolution-precipitation creep of fine-grained actinolite in ultramafic schist accommodated plate convergence and SSEs at shear stresses of 0.3–5 MPa and 10–40 MPa, respectively, whereas antigorite serpentinite can accommodate slow slip rates at shear stresses of ≤43–94 MPa, much higher than inferred shear stresses during SSEs in active subduction zones. The down-dip limit of the metasomatic reactions, determined from the stable condition of metasomatic actinolite in the ultramafic schist, was ∼40–50 km depth, comparable to the lower limit of the SSEs region in the Nankai subduction zone. We suggest that while antigorite serpentinite only accommodated aseismic creep, dissolution-precipitation creep of metasomatic actinolite in weaker ultramafic schist can host more diverse slip behavior including aseismic creep and SSEs. The metasomatic reaction between mafic and ultramafic rocks at the slab-mantle interface is potentially one of the factors controlling the downdip limit of SSEs below the land Moho.
•Mélange deformation was concentrated into serpentinite and ultramafic schist.•Metasomatic reactions produce fine-grained actinolite in ultramafic schist.•Metasomatic reactions weaken ultramafic schist by promoting pressure solution creep.•Pressure solution creep of metasomatic actinolite can facilitate megathrust slip.•Metasomatic reaction may control downdip limit of slow slip event.
The Nishisonogi unit of the Nagasaki Metamorphic Rocks represents a part of a Late Cretaceous subduction complex exposed in western Kyushu, Japan. We estimate peak metamorphic temperatures using a ...Raman carbonaceous material (CM) geothermometer on 60 pelitic schists. No systematic regional changes were observed in the mineral assemblage of samples collected over a large area (about 30 × 15 km), which include chlorite ± garnet + white micas + albite + quartz + titanite + CM. However, the estimated peak metamorphic temperature increases structurally upward from 440 to 524 °C, suggesting an inverted thermal gradient.
After the 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki, the ruined Urakami Cathedral, situated prominently on a hilltop close to ground zero, became an iconic site. It represented the rupture experienced by a ...totally devastated community and landscape in an irradiated environment at the end of World War II. Yet, beginning in 1958, the ruins of the building were razed and the cathedral reconstructed - an act that has remained controversial in the Japanese public sphere, not least due to partial reliance on American funding. This article examines the competing claims of value surrounding these Cathedral ruins and their erasure among the Catholic community and the non-Catholic population of Nagasaki and the politics of patronage that this involved. It draws on interviews to access the voices of atomic bombing survivors in the Catholic community, marginalised in the Japanese public discourse. These give insight into an alternative communal understanding of the cathedral tied into a much older narrative of persecution, poverty, resistance, and renewal. I argue that different perspectives on the value of the Cathedral and its ruins reveal the social rupture foundational to and concomitant with competing value claims, and their interrelated political, economic, and religious dynamics.
Volcanic eruptions are driven by the ascent of volatile-laden magma. The capacity of a volcano system to outgas these volatiles—its permeability—controls the explosive potential, and fractures at ...volcanic conduit margins play a crucial role in tempering eruption explosivity by acting as outgassing pathways. However, these fractures are often filled with hot volcanic debris that welds and compacts over time, meaning that these permeable pathways have a finite lifetime. While numerous studies emphasize that permeability evolution is important for regulating pressure in shallow volcanic systems, how and when this occurs remains an outstanding question in volcanology. In this contribution, we show that different pressure evolution regimes can be expected across a range of silicic systems as a function of the width and distribution of fractures in the system, the timescales over which they can outgas (a function of depth and temperature), and the permeability of the host material. We define outgassing, diffusive relaxation, and pressure increase regimes, which are distinguished by comparing the characteristic timescales over which they operate. Moreover, we define a critical permeability threshold, which determines (in concert with characteristic timescales of diffusive mass exchange between the pore and melt phases) whether systems fracture and outgas efficiently, or if a volcano will be prone to pressure increases, incomplete healing, and explosive failure.
•Ash-filled fractures are abundant in volcanic environments, and are thought to assist outgassing.•We model the reduction in fracture permeability over time due to compaction and sintering.•Different gas pressure evolution regimes are expected in different fracture systems.•We quantify three regimes: outgassing, diffusive relaxation, and pressure increase.•Propensity for gas loss or retention determined by a critical permeability threshold
Did the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II meet the military necessity and likelihood of success criteria of the Just War Theory? Many scholars and ...ethicists have argued that they did not. We examine the decision through the rationalist models of war preferred by international relations theorists. We introduce a simple version of the bargaining model of war and tease out its essential differences with the models of war (and, therefore, military necessity) used by most Just War Theorists. Then, we reconstruct the decision to drop the bomb on Japan, focusing especially on information states, preference sets, and operational realities, to show that, if the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki does not meet military necessity and likelihood of success criteria, no other kind of military activity can.
Antigorite serpentinite is expected to occur in parts of subduction plate boundaries, and may suppress earthquake slip, but the dominant deformation mechanisms and resultant rheology of antigorite ...are unclear. An exhumed plate boundary shear zone exposed near Nagasaki, Japan, contains antigorite deformed at 474°C ± 30°C. Observations indicate that a foliation defined by (001) crystal facets developed during plate‐boundary shear. Microstructures indicating grain‐scale dissolution at high‐stress interfaces and precipitation in low‐stress regions suggest that dissolution‐precipitation creep contributed to foliation development. Analysis of crystal orientations indicate a small contribution from dislocation activity. We suggest a frictional‐viscous rheology for antigorite, where dissolution‐precipitation produces a foliation defined by (001) crystal facets and acts to resolve strain incompatibilities, allowing for efficient face‐to‐face sliding between facets. This rheology can not only explain aseismic behavior at ambient plate boundary conditions, but also some of the contrasting behaviors shown by previous field and laboratory studies.
Plain Language Summary
The mineral antigorite is important along certain types of tectonic plate boundary, but how antigorite responds to tectonic forces is uncertain. We tried to improve our understanding of this, which might help to better understand how movement occurs between tectonic plates. Rocks that occur along a beach near Nagasaki, Japan, represent an ancient tectonic plate boundary and some of these rocks contain abundant antigorite. We walked along this beach, collecting samples of the antigorite and measuring geological structures. By examining micro‐scale structures within our samples, and comparing with our observations from the beach, we were able to identify the physical mechanisms by which antigorite accommodated movement between the ancient tectonic plates. This mechanism allows movement at a rate that depends on the amount of slip (strain) the rock has accommodated, and the level of driving force, which is related to how fast the slip is. The mechanism we identified provides an explanation for the lack of earthquakes along high‐strain, low driving‐force regions of plate boundaries where antigorite occurs.
Key Points
Outcrops of deformed antigorite serpentinite provide a chance to constrain deformation mechanisms at natural shear zone conditions
Microstructural observations indicate that the dominant deformation mechanisms are dissolution‐precipitation creep and frictional sliding
Development of a fine‐grained and foliated fabric with progressive strain leads to reduced effective viscosity
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