This paper aims to examine the context in which social capital works effectively in sustaining agriculture in the loquat production areas of Nagasaki City. The limitation of social capital is also ...discussed, considering the transformation of production areas. The case study area is the oldest production area of loquats. In Nagasaki Prefecture, loquat production was increased in consequence of the production adjustment of mandarin oranges in the 1970s. In the 1980s, loquat production in greenhouses was started to expand the harvest season. After the decrease of production in greenhouses, loquat production has been sustained due to adoption of new varieties and technical innovations. The continuation of loquat production is based on the shipping association established in each local settlement and on the close coordination with the center for agricultural development and extension. The shipping association contributes not only to intensive distribution but also to the accumulation of bonding social capital. Furthermore, confidential relationships between some diligent farmers and administrative officers has resulted in improved agriculture, which could be regarded as a kind of bridging social capital. Recently, however, the significance of social capital has decreased due to the decrease in the number of farmers. In contrast to the situation in which greenhouse production was introduced, the participation of young farmers in a revitalization project has been passive. Along with the aging of farmers, a mismatch between reality in the community and external support has partially arisen.
The purpose is to clarify the position of Nagasaki Yojosho in Japan. The drawings were restored using previous research, old photographs, and excavated materials. It was revealed that Pompe, who came ...to teach medicine to Japanese people at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, used system of measurement in Rheinland and created his concept under the influence of Dutch architectural manuals and Nightingale’s reports. In addition to them, he revised a “plan” that considered the on-site and economic conditions. He built a state-of-the-art hospital at the time, but it had little impact on Japanese hospital construction.
ABSTRACTIn January 2024, the newly appointed Executive Director of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), Melissa Parke, visited Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the first time, ...where she met with atomic bomb survivors (hibakusha), officials, educators and youth. In this commentary piece, she reflects on her time in Japan and the essential role of the hibakusha in the decades-long struggle for a nuclear-weapon-free world. She appeals to the Japanese government to sign the landmark 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) and dispense with the misguided notion of a “nuclear umbrella”, which is based on the fallacy of nuclear deterrence. She also underscores the need for better education about nuclear weapons, focusing on abolition as the goal and centring the voices of the hibakusha, lest the horrors of the past be repeated. “Nuclear weapons don’t belong on our planet – all they can do is destroy”, she concludes. “Together we will eliminate them”.
Seventy-four years have passed since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Approximately 210,000 victims died, and another 210,000 people survived. The damage to their health has continued, ...consisting of three phases of late effects: the appearance of leukemia, the first malignant disease, in 1949; an intermediate phase entailing the development of many types of cancer; and a final phase of lifelong cancers for hibakusha who experienced the bombing as a child, as well as a second wave of leukemia for elderly hibakusha and psychological damage such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Thus, the human consequences of the atomic bombings have not ceased; many people are still dying of radiation-induced malignant diseases. Therefore, it is too early to finalize the total death toll. Hibakusha have faced a never-ending struggle to regenerate their lives and families under the fear of disease. As the only group of Homo sapiens experiencing real nuclear attacks, hibakusha have continued to engage in a lifelong movement to eliminate nuclear weapons. Political leaders, especially of nuclear-weapon states, must learn the wisdom of the hibakusha to save Homo sapiens from possible global extinction by nuclear war.
Geothermal systems developed in volcanic regions release magmatic volatiles that may forecast volcanic eruptions. These volatiles can be emitted directly in gaseous form to the atmosphere or can be ...absorbed by condensed geothermal fluid and groundwater that discharges at surface thermal features. The subsurface flow dynamics of these fluids are therefore crucial for the interpretation of their chemical and isotopic compositions. Furthermore, since geothermal fluids are globally used as energy and cultural resources, such information is also important for their sustainable management. In this context, we investigated the subsurface residence times of fluids from three geothermal areas in Shimabara peninsula (Unzen, Shimabara and Obama) by measuring their tritium and 36Cl activities, along with their chemical and stable isotopic compositions. At Shimabara, the trace tritium activities of the geothermal fluids indicate that magmatic volatiles were transported by pre-nuclear (residence time >60 years) groundwaters. Tritium and δD-δ18O data indicate that the steam feeding the Unzen geothermal field is also derived from pre-nuclear meteoric water, and contributing about a quarter of the water budget. The 36Cl/Cl ratio of the geothermal fluids in Obama exceeds that of seawater, indicating subsurface addition of nucleogenic chloride during prolonged water-rock interaction.
•δD-δ18O, 36Cl and tritium in fluids from Unzen geothermal system were analyzed.•Pre-nuclear meteoric water feeds hydrothermal fluids from Shimabara.•Unzen geothermal field had a quarter of steam contribution to the water budget.•36Cl/Cl ratios in Obama geothermal fluids non-marine origin of chloride
In order to try to fill the void in the numismatic bibliography in Spanish, the following is an approximation to the "commercial currencies" produced in the important port city of Nagasaki during the ...17th century. In this article, special emphasis is placed on existing trade relations between Old Vietnam and Japan, as well as on the important role played by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in them. Finally, a typological catalog is included in which the main known variants of these coins are collected.
Explosive volcanic eruptions can cause long‐term landscape change, leading to increased sediment discharge that continues after the cessation of the eruptions. During the period 1990–1995, eruptions ...of Mount Unzen, Japan, generated large amounts of pyroclastic material, resulting in 57 debris‐flow events during 1991–2018. To investigate changes in the relationships between rainfall characteristics and debris‐flow occurrence, we conducted the following: geometric analysis of two gullies (i.e., debris‐flow initiation zones) using LiDAR (light detection and ranging)‐generated 1 m DEMs (digital elevation models); rainfall analysis, based on the relationship between rainfall duration and mean intensity (i.e., considering the intensity–duration, or ID, threshold); and debris‐flow monitoring during 2016–2018. Since 1991, rainfall runoff has caused erosion of the supplied pyroclastic material, generating a channel network consisting of incised gullies. With sufficient rainfall, debris flows formed, accompanied by further gully erosion; this resulted in both vertical and lateral adjustments of the cross‐sectional geometry. In the two decades since the eruptions ceased, readily mobilized pyroclastic material has become scarce as the gullies have adjusted to local hydrographic conditions. At the same time, the infiltration capacity of the volcanic flank has increased, reducing the capacity for overland flow. As a result, since 2000, rainfall events with intensities above the ID threshold have occurred; however, the lack of sediment supplied by the gullies appears to have hindered the occurrence and development of debris flows. This suggests that debris flows in volcanically perturbed landscapes may occur at lower rainfall thresholds as long as the corresponding upland channels are evolving as a result of intense overland flow. However, as such channels evolve towards equilibrium geometries, the frequency of debris flows decreases in response to the reduction in sediment availability.
We addressed the relationships between rainfall characteristics and debris‐flow occurrences after the explosive eruptions of Mount Unzen, Japan. Debris flows in volcanically perturbed landscapes may occur at lower rainfall thresholds as long as the corresponding upland channels are evolving as a result of intense overland flow. However, as such channels evolve towards equilibrium geometries, the frequency of debris flows decreases in response to the reduction in sediment availability.
•Ground squeezing is prone to occur in geologic unites with Paleogene mudstones.•A lager value of initial horizontal stress ratio K0 leads to a greater convergence ratio λ.•Ground squeezing is mainly ...affected by the moduli of rocks nearby.•The convergence ratio tends to stabilize when a critical overburden depth is exceeded.
Ground squeezing induced by tunnel excavation is a common phenomenon in weak and jointed rock masses. The prediction of convergence during tunnel construction in squeezing ground is important for the selection of temporary support and excavation methods. In the present study, the main factors that lead to ground squeezing are discussed based on a case study of the west section (WS) of the Tawarazaka Tunnel. A systematic analysis of convergences measured on site is presented, and numerical modeling using the finite difference method (FDM) is performed. The results show that ground squeezing is prone to occur in Paleogene mudstone formations, especially when slickensides are strongly developed. Ground squeezing is affected by the initial horizontal stress ratio, and a larger initial horizontal stress ratio lead to a larger convergence ratio, which is defined as the ratio of horizontal convergence to vertical convergence. Tunnel convergence values linearly increase with the decrement of bedding joint stiffness, and tunnel convergence increases with the increment of internal friction angle of bedding joints. Ground squeezing in the WS is mainly affected by the modulus values of nearby rocks and the existence of bedding joints. For the WS of the Tawarazaka Tunnel, the convergence ratio tends to stabilize when a critical overburden depth of 100 m is exceeded.
Nuclear Minds Zwigenberg, Ran
2023, 2023-07-25
eBook
Odprti dostop
How researchers understood the atomic bomb’s effects on the human psyche before the recognition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. In 1945, researchers on a mission to Hiroshima with the United ...States Strategic Bombing Survey canvassed survivors of the nuclear attack. This marked the beginning of global efforts—by psychiatrists, psychologists, and other social scientists—to tackle the complex ways in which human minds were affected by the advent of the nuclear age. A trans-Pacific research network emerged that produced massive amounts of data about the dropping of the bomb and subsequent nuclear tests in and around the Pacific rim. Ran Zwigenberg traces these efforts and the ways they were interpreted differently across communities of researchers and victims. He explores how the bomb’s psychological impact on survivors was understood before we had the concept of post-traumatic stress disorder. In fact, psychological and psychiatric research on Hiroshima and Nagasaki rarely referred to trauma or similar categories. Instead, institutional and political constraints—most notably the psychological sciences’ entanglement with Cold War science—led researchers to concentrate on short-term damage and somatic reactions or even, in some cases, on denial of victims’ suffering. As a result, very few doctors tried to ameliorate suffering. But, Zwigenberg argues, it was not only that doctors “failed” to issue the right diagnosis; the victims’ experiences also did not necessarily conform to our contemporary expectations. As he shows, the category of trauma should not be used uncritically in a non-Western context. Consequently, this book sets out, first, to understand the historical, cultural, and scientific constraints in which researchers and victims were acting and, second, to explore how suffering was understood in different cultural contexts before PTSD was a category of analysis
We have reassessed the mode of advance of lava erupted in the 1990s from Unzen Fugen-dake Volcano in northwestern Kyushu, Japan. The apparent viscosity of Unzen lava had been estimated to be ...0.9–4.2 × 1010 Pa s from the observed lava surface velocity in 1991, using Jeffreys model, based on the assumption that the lava was a Newtonian or Bingham fluid. In contrast, the viscosity of synthetic groundmass glass derived from Unzen lava had been measured in the laboratory at expected lava temperatures (780 °C–880 °C) to be 1011–1013 Pa s, considerably higher than the viscosity based on field observation. If the suspension effect of crystals is taken into consideration for groundmass glass, several orders of magnitude higher viscosity than observed should be expected for Unzen lava. To seek the source of the disparity in viscosity estimates, we first performed uniaxial-compression viscometry on natural Unzen lava samples collected in 1991 and thereby confirmed that the lava viscosity was actually higher than determined by field observations and equal to or higher than the fluid–solid threshold viscosity (1012 Pa s). This suggests that the observational viscosity had been underestimated. From reanalysis of the lava migration using video and photographs, contemporaneous with the field-based viscosity estimation, we found that the lava behavior was far from that of a fluid. Apparently, the lava lobe lost its fluidity at the flow front and instead advanced rigidly, thereby indicating that the application of Jeffreys model had incorrectly led us to underestimate viscosity. Although we used only the 1991 lava samples and image data, we infer that rigid migration was common for all exogenous lava lobes during the 1991–1995 activity. Our comparative study demonstrates that cooled and/or degassed lavas could show higher mobility than expected from experiment- or model-based viscosity. Apparently this occurs when the frictional force is smaller between lobe base and underlying slope than the viscous resistance inherent in lava.
•Experimental viscosity of Unzen lava was much higher than observational viscosity.•Video analysis revealed that Unzen lava did not flow but migrated rigidly.•Assumption that lava migrates by flowing misled us to viscosity underestimation.
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