This work presents the sedimentological study of the Upper Miocene-Pliocene Oko Limestones, exposed in the Antzin-Murieta Basin, in Navarre. Two stratigraphic sections of the carbonate unit have been ...studied: the Oko cemetery and Ega road sections. The former exposes facies that characterize a fluvial carbonate environment, with a distinct development of microbial oncolitic deposits. The coeval deposits exposed in the Ega road section, instead, largely represent a palustrine-lacustrine setting that evolved under alternating conditions of ponding and desiccation. Data integration from these sections and the intermediate areas, allows the interpretation of a fluvial to palustrine-lacustrine wetland with a marked east-southeast trend, which developed coevally to the uplift of the Piedramillera thrust sheet.
Raspravlja se o heraldičkoj skulpturi i arhitektonskoj dekorativnoj plastici grobničke župne crkve Sv. Filipa i Jakova. U dinamičnoj slici njezinih pregradnji i dogradnji 16. stoljeća jedan sloj ...povezuje se s Bernardinom Frankopanom a zatim i s radovima dogradnje svetišta župne crkve istog titulara u Novom Vinodolskom, kao i s tamošnjom nadgrobnom pločom modruškog biskupa Kristofora Stojkovića. Analiziraju se migracije majstora, kulturne i druge veze unutar Vinodola, kao i njegove veze s otokom Krkom, frankopanskim Modrušem i daljim zaleđem. Baština se tumači u kontekstu funkcioniranja kulturnog krajolika tih prostora u razdoblju prijelaza drugog u treće desetljeće 16. stoljeća, osobito u svjetlu djelovanja hrvatskih društvenih elita tog doba.
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•Wet ball milling of -COK-14 zeolite in presence of a dissolved Al source.•Particle size reduction and framework aluminum introduction result from milling.•Milled and aluminated ...COK-14 contains Brønsted acid sites.•Milled and aluminated COK-14 loaded with platina is an ideal bifunctional catalyst.
The precursor of all-silica COK-14 zeolite (OKO topology) with interrupted framework was subjected to wet ball milling in the presence of aluminum isopropoxide. Alumination and particle size reduction of the zeolite crystals was combined in this way. Wet ball milling resulted in fragmentation of the platelet-shape COK-14 crystals while preserving crystallinity. 27Al NMR spectroscopy of the fully condensed COK-14 zeolite, obtained by calcination of milled -COK-14 precursor, confirmed the incorporation of tetrahedrally coordinated Al atoms in the framework. The creation of Brønsted acid sites was confirmed by pyridine adsorption. Loaded with platinum, the sample showed ideal bifunctional catalytic behavior in hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of n-decane model alkane compound. Aluminum incorporation by milling is an alternative to the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process using trimethylaluminum and to thermal alumination. Wet ball milling in presence of aluminum isopropoxide shows great potential for making siliceous zeolites catalytically active.
•Series of zeolites with the UTL layers but different connectivity is prepared.•All zeolites are deeply characterized.•Toluene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol depends on the channel ...accessibility.•Rate of consecutive reactions depends on the level of toluene conversion.•n-Propyl toluenes are formed with lower extent due to the absence of intersecting 10-ring channels.
Toluene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol was used as a model reaction to investigate the effect of UTL-type layer connectivity in a series of isoreticular zeolites and related zeolitic materials. All prepared catalysts possess the same structure of the layers but their connectivity differs from amorphous pillars (IPC-1PI), double-four-rings (UTL), single-four-rings (IPC-2=OKO, International Zeolite Association code), oxygen bridges (IPC-4=PCR), or their combinations (IPC-6 and IPC-7). X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms were employed to characterize structural and textural properties of the studied catalysts. Deuterated acetonitrile was adsorbed on catalysts to determine the concentrations and type of individual acid sites. Toluene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol evidenced that toluene conversion increases with increasing size of zeolite channels. Simultaneously, selectivity in cymenes increased as open structure of these catalysts did not present optimum reaction volume for the bimolecular reaction of cymenes with toluene to n-propylbenzenes.
This dissertation has presented the results of measurements regarding the surface area of Morskie Oko and Wielki Staw lakes performed throughout the period of 140-years with the use of various ...measurement technologies and analyses of cartographic resources. The research has clearly demonstrated that the obtained results are diverse, which could be influenced by various environmental factors and the time difference of surveys conducted at the analysed objects. Wielki Staw is currently the largest lake in the Polish Tatra Mountains. Its surface area in 2021 covered 33.44 ha. Thus, it appeared to be larger than Morskie Oko, the surface area of which is 1.51 ha. It was also concluded that the difference in the size of these two reservoirs might increase over time since Morskie Oko is situated in an environment that undergoes dynamic transformations and, consequently, has an impact on the evolution of this lake. Moreover, the area surrounding Morskie Oko is one of the most popular tourist locations within the Tatra National Park, which may intensify the anthropogenic impact on the course of, among others, the shoreline.
Tissue-specific or cell-type-specific transcription of protein-coding genes is controlled by both trans-regulatory elements (TREs) and cis-regulatory elements (CREs). However, it is challenging to ...identify TREs and CREs, which are unknown for most genes. Here, we describe a protocol for identifying two types of transcription-activating CREs-core promoters and enhancers-of zebrafish photoreceptor type-specific genes. This protocol is composed of three phases: bioinformatic prediction, experimental validation, and characterization of the CREs. To better illustrate the principles and logic of this protocol, we exemplify it with the discovery of the core promoter and enhancer of the mpp5b apical polarity gene (also known as ponli), whose red, green, and blue (RGB) cone-specific transcription requires its enhancer, a member of the rainbow enhancer family. While exemplified with an RGB-cone-specific gene, this protocol is general and can be used to identify the core promoters and enhancers of other protein-coding genes.
Photoreceptor-specific transcription of individual genes collectively constitutes the transcriptional profile that orchestrates the structural and functional characteristics of each photoreceptor ...type. It is challenging, however, to study the transcriptional specificity of individual photoreceptor genes because each gene's distinct spatiotemporal transcription patterns are determined by the unique interactions between a specific set of transcription factors and the gene's own
regulatory elements (CREs), which remain unknown for most of the genes. For example, it is unknown what CREs underlie the zebrafish
(
) and
(
) apical polarity genes' restrictive transcription in the red, green, and blue (RGB) cones in the retina, but not in other retinal cell types. Here we show that the intronic enhancers of both the
and
genes are conserved among teleost species and that they share sequence motifs that are critical for RGB cone-specific transcription. Given their similarities in sequences and functions, we name the
and
enhancers collectively
enhancers.
enhancers may represent a
regulatory mechanism to turn on a group of genes that are commonly and restrictively expressed in RGB cones, which largely define the beginning of the color vision pathway.
Dim-light achromatic vision and bright-light color vision are initiated in rod and several types of cone photoreceptors, respectively; these photoreceptors are structurally distinct from each other. In zebrafish, although quite different from rods and UV cones, RGB cones (red, green, and blue cones) are structurally similar and unite into mirror-symmetric pentamers (G-R-B-R-G) by adhesion. This structural commonality and unity suggest that a set of genes is commonly expressed only in RGB cones but not in other cells. Here, we report that the
enhancers activate RGB cone-specific transcription of the
and
genes. This study provides a starting point to study how RGB cone-specific transcription defines RGB cones' distinct functions for color vision.
•The rich chemistry of UTL solid-state transformations is depicted.•Five approaches are described for a topological transformation from UTL to IPC-2.•IPC-2 is found to be highly preferred and stable ...structure.
The unique features of the germanosilicate zeolite possessing the UTL framework topology offer various post-synthetic modifications such as ‘top-down’, ‘inverse sigma’ or solid-state transformations. The presented work describes several different synthetic routes generating the IPC-2 type zeolite (OKO topology) utilizing UTL as the parent material. In total, five approaches were investigated which exhibit this topological transformation from germanosilicate UTL to OKO type material: (1) alkoxysilylation of the layered precursor (IPC-1P) formed by hydrolysis of UTL; (2) direct conversion of UTL by treatment in 7–12M hydrochloric acid; (3) direct transformation under mild conditions of water and ammonium nitrate solution on Al- and B-UTL; (4) repeated calcinations of boron-containing UTL; (5) using organic solutions as self-stabilization agents. Resulting materials were examined by powder XRD, nitrogen sorption, SEM and EDX. Briefly, all the materials possessed the same OKO topology but had differing BET surface areas and micropore volumes in the ranges of 201–493m2/g and 0.095–0.189cm3/g, respectively. The morphologies of crystals were very similar, while the size of them varied between 10 and 50μm. The main goal of the study was to emphasize the complexity of post-synthetic UTL zeolite chemistry and the diverse range of solid-state transformations possible.
Cassava (
Manihot esculenta
Crantz) is a major staple food crop of the humid tropics. As a heterozygous, vegetatively propagated crop, robust transformation protocols must be developed for elite ...cultivars that allow predictable production of large numbers of independent transgenic plant lines. A high throughput
Agrobacterium
-mediated transformation system was developed for the elite East African farmer-preferred cassava cultivar TME 204 using the GFP visual marker gene. Inclusion of the antibiotic moxalactam in culture medium used to produce embryogenic target tissues prior to inoculation with
Agrobacterium
increased recovery of independent GFP-expressing transgenic callus lines by up to 113-fold compared to the control. Enhanced transformation was also observed when TME 204 tissues were pretreated with other cephalosporins, namely cefoperazone, cefoxitin, cefmetazole and cefotaxime. Similar but less dramatic increases in transformation efficiencies were seen for the West African cultivars Oko-iyawo and 60444 when pre-treated with moxalactam. Dilution of
Agrobacterium
suspensions used for co-culture was found to increase transformation efficiencies, resulting in regeneration at an average of 33 GFP-expressing TME 204 plants per cc settled cell volume at OD
600
0.05, compared to 15 plants at the more commonly used OD
600
0.5. The optimized transformation systems were successfully utilized for the integration of genetic constructs for disease resistance and nutritional enhancement into more than 750 plants of TME 204.
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