Building on the successful formula of the first edition, Martin Tovée offers a concise but detailed account of how the visual system is organised and functions to produce visual perception. He takes ...his readers from first principles; the structure and function of the eye and what happens when light enters, to how we see and process images, recognise patterns and faces, and through to the most recent discoveries in molecular genetics and brain imaging, and how they have uncovered a host of new advances in our understanding of how visual information is processed within the brain. Incorporating new material throughout, including almost 50 new images, every chapter has been updated to include the latest research, and culminates in helpful key points, which summarise the lessons learnt. This book is an invaluable course text for students within the fields of psychology, neuroscience, biology and physiology.
The article presents changes in the course of ice phenomena on Lake Morskie Oko over 50 years. It comprises detailed data of the course of the main parameters of ice regime of the lake in the years ...1963–1970. Such a reference period yielded substantial differences in the obtained values of trends in comparison with the period 1971–2010, which is most common in literature. The trends obtained differed substantially from those describing the years 1971–2010, and the change in the parameters – scaled to a year of the analysed period – was about half the size. Attention was also drawn to the practical aspect of the changes in the duration and thickness of ice cover on the lake. In the years 1963–2012 the period of safe movement on the frozen lake was reduced by only 10 days.
Many vertebrate organs are derived from monolayered epithelia that undergo morphogenesis to acquire their shape. Whereas asymmetric left/right gene expression within the zebrafish heart field has ...been well documented, little is known about the tissue movements and cellular changes underlying early cardiac morphogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that asymmetric involution of the myocardium of the right-posterior heart field generates the ventral floor, whereas the noninvoluting left heart field gives rise to the dorsal roof of the primary heart tube. During heart tube formation, asymmetric left/right gene expression within the myocardium correlates with asymmetric tissue morphogenesis. Disruption of left/right gene expression causes randomized myocardial tissue involution. Time-lapse analysis combined with genetic analyses reveals that motility of the myocardial epithelium is a tissue migration process. Our results demonstrate that asymmetric morphogenetic movements of the 2 bilateral myocardial cell populations generate different dorsoventral regions of the zebrafish heart tube. Failure to generate a heart tube does not affect the acquisition of atrial versus ventricular cardiac cell shapes. Therefore, establishment of basic cardiac cell shapes precedes cardiac function. Together, these results provide the framework for the integration of single cell behaviors during the formation of the vertebrate primary heart tube.
Táto štúdia pojednáva o možnostiach využitia vizuálnych systémoch v dopravných technológiách. Rozoberá možnosti vizuálneho systému ako systému pre zvýšenie vonkajšej bezpečnosti tak aj systému pre ...počítačové pozorovanie a pre monitorovanie ostražitosti vodiča za volantom. Dôvod na skonštruovanie takéhoto systému bol hlavne predísť častým dopravným nehodám, ktorých príčina je veľmi často mikrospánok vodiča. Práve zmenšený stupeň ostražitosti vodiča sa stal problémom vážneho záujmu pre spoločnosť.
In the past few years, there has been an explosion of eye movement research in cognitive science and neuroscience. This has been due to the availability of ‘off the shelf’ eye trackers, along with ...software to allow the easy acquisition and analysis of eye movement data. Accompanying this has been a realisation that eye movement data can be informative about many different aspects of perceptual and cognitive processing. Eye movements have been used to examine the visual and cognitive processes underpinning a much broader range of human activities, including, language production, dialogue, human computer interaction, driving behaviour, sporting performance, and emotional states. Finally, in the past thirty years, there have been real advances in our understanding of the neural processes that underpin eye movement behaviour. The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements provides a comprehensive review of the entire field of eye movement research. In over fifty articles, it reviews the developments that have so far taken place, the areas actively being researched, and looks at how the field is likely to develop in the coming years. The first section considers historical and background material, before moving onto a second section on the neural basis of eye movements. The third and fourth sections look at visual cognition and eye movements and eye movement pathology and development. The final sections consider eye movements and reading and language processing and eye movements.
TOUGHENING ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION, NATIONAL AND SUPRA-national environmental product policies and growing customer demands are focusing the attention of companies on the environmental and broader ...social issues linked to the creation and delivery of their products and services. There is now an urgent need for appropriate management structures, practical tools and increased awareness among all stakeholders in the product development process and throughout the entire product life-cycle.
U ovom radu prikazuje se lik i djelovanje hrvatskog dominikanca Andrije Jamometića (1420./25. – 1484.) koji je ušao u europsku historiografiju kao vrsni diplomat cara Fridrika III. (1440. – 1493.). ...On je u više navrata uspješno vodio diplomatsku misiju u Rim papi Sikstu IV. (1471. – 1484.). U svojoj viziji kršćanske Europe pokušao je pridobiti rimske krugove za obnovu Crkve i crkvenog života i za što uspješniju borbu protiv otomanskih prodiranja u Europu. Papa ga je imenovao nadbiskupom „eccelesiae Crainensis“ (Crkve Krajinske – čije je sjedište bilo na Skadarskom jezeru), a kada Jamometić nije vidio pozitivnih znakova za obnovu Crkve i za suzbijanje Turaka, odlučio se na put u kraljevski grad Basel gdje je pokušao obnoviti duh Baselskog sabora (1431. – 1449.). U početku je imao nešto pristaša, ali je pod pritiskom papinske diplomacije i odbijanja cara Fridrika III. ostao izoliran u Baselu te je na koncu uhapšen i zatvoren. Tu je pod neobjašnjivim okolnostima preminuo. Njegovi su posmrtni ostaci bačeni u rijeku Rajnu jer je bio izopćen iz crkvenog zajedništva.
Organ morphogenesis requires cellular shape changes and tissue rearrangements that occur in a precisely timed manner. Here, we show that zebrafish heart and soul (Has)/protein kinase C iota (PRKCi) ...is required tissue-autonomously within the myocardium for normal heart morphogenesis and that this function depends on its catalytic activity. In addition, we demonstrate that nagie oko (Nok) is the functional homolog of mammalian protein associated with Lin-seven 1 (Pals1)/MAGUK p55 subfamily member 5 (Mpp5), and we dissect its earlier and later functions during myocardial morphogenesis. Has/PRKCi and Nok/Mpp5 are required early for the polarized epithelial organization and coherence of myocardial cells during heart cone formation. Zygotic nok/mpp5 mutants have later myocardial defects, including an incomplete heart tube elongation corresponding with a failure of myocardial cells to correctly expand in size. Furthermore, we show that nok/mpp5 acts within myocardial cells during heart tube elongation. Together, these results demonstrate that cardiac morphogenesis depends on the polarized organization and coherence of the myocardium, and that the expansion of myocardial cell size contributes to the transformation of the heart cone into an elongated tube.
A vast number of apicobasal polarity proteins play essential roles in the polarization and morphogenesis of the neuroepithelia. Crumbs (Crb) type I transmembrane cell-cell adhesion proteins are among ...these proteins. Five crb genes have been identified in zebrafish. However, their expressional and functional differences during early neural development remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we study the spatial-temporal expression patterns and functions of Crb1, Crb2a, and Crb2b in the central nervous system (CNS) during the neurulation period. We show that: 1, the optic vesicle and undifferentiated retinal neuroepithelium only express Crb2a; 2, Crb1 and Crb2a expressions overlap extensively in the undifferentiated neural tube epithelium; 3, Crb2b expression is the weakest of the three and is restricted to the ventral-most regions of the anterior CNS; and 4, Nok and Crb proteins require each other for their apical localization in neuroepithelium. The commencements of Crb1, Crb2a, and Crb2b expressions follow a spatial-temporal spread from anterior to posterior and from ventral to dorsal and lag behind that of adherens junction components, such as ZO-1 and actin bundles. Genetic and morpholino suppression analyses suggest that in regions where these Crb expressions overlap, they are functionally redundant in maintaining apicobasal polarity of the undifferentiated neuroepithelium.
PDF
