This article investigates the diverse and heterodox array of labour practices and economic activities in artistic work. Existing studies contend that artistic income is highly skewed, with the ...majority of artists living in poverty, and that artistic work is intermittent, project-by-project based and precarious, with artists juggling multiple jobs. However, these prevalent perspectives typically foreground only formal contractual employment while neglecting the variegated range of informal, alternative and relational economic practices. Building on a mixed method study of Danish visual artists’ livelihoods and drawing on the total social organization of labour perspective, the article maps a diverse spectrum of labour practices ranging from formal paid/unpaid work to informal cash-in-hand work and non-monetized barter exchanges, to wholly non-commodified everyday practices of mutual aid and favour-swapping, as well as ‘consumption work’ such as thrift and self-provisioning. Heterodox economic practices are the primary mode by which artists cope with and manage precarious artistic livelihoods.
Exploiting the labour of other people has historically been one of the main strategies to tackle the biophysical tension that always exists between the satisfaction of human needs and the labour ...required to fulfil them. Based on the insights of ecological, feminist, and Marxist economics, we disentangle the exploitation of the labour of women and labouring poor through a novel methodology that integrates energy, material, time, and cash balances. We apply it to the sociometabolic flows between household units endowed with different land and livestock resources in a traditional rural community in Catalonia (Spain) in the mid‐19th century. The results show that land and livestock hoarding led to a process of accumulation through dispossession that increased the exploitative relationships through the labour market, which in turn relied on the patriarchal division of labour between men and women at home. Our estimates of energy labour surplus reveal that male wages represented 88% of the equivalent consumption basket that would have been obtained by carrying out the same amount of labour on land of one's own. However, in the case of female wages, the percentage was 54%. This shows that wage labour incorporated a significant amount of unpaid domestic family labour.
This article questions the Foucauldian analytics of power to conceive the managerial organization of labour in the context of neoliberalism. On the ground of a discussion of some of the main ...arguments in The Birth of Biopolitics, and in the light of contemporary empirical research in the fields of sociology of work, psychology of labour and the economic theories of the firm, it criticizes the idea according to which the worker today would have actually become an “entrepreneur of the self”. Finally, to describe and criticize the “entrepreneurial discipline” in neomanagement and its typical apparatuses (individual assessments, total quality standards, benchmarking, training in personal development, etc.), it proposes another reactualization of Foucault, grounded in his analysis of strategies, disciplines and blocks of power in “The Subject and Power.”
The features of the institutionalization of the “Komsomol Searchlight” are considered, an ambiguous assessment of its activity at industrial enterprises of the USSR of the 1960s is given. From the ...point of view of the authors, the “Komsomol Searchlight” has become the highest point in the development of the Komsomol control system. It is alleged that both positive and negative aspects of youth participation in public control appeared in its activities. It is reported that a sustainable organizational structure of control units has been developed. It is emphasized that the issues of mass character, specialization, forms of work and study of Komsomol members have been successfully resolved. The authors of the article point out the active role of Komsomol members in strengthening labour discipline and improving the quality of production. It is noted that the “Komsomol Searchlight” contributed to the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, tried to introduce the foundations of the scientific organization of labour. It is shown that the main problem of the controlling Komsomol units is recognized as an unsatisfactory correction of the identified deficiencies. The main sources of research are archival documents, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The uniqueness of the materials of the Komsomol control units (unlike most documents of Soviet organizations of the late period, which is characterized by embellishment of reality) lies in the opportunity to consider the negative phenomena in the economic and public life of the country, to understand their reasons.
The activity of work takes place in a variety of socio-economic relations, shifting over time across the boundaries between different sectors of employment (public, private, not-for-profit or ...voluntary) and forms of unpaid work (domestic, community, voluntary). Taking the social care work of older people as a research probe, this article explores linkages between paid and unpaid work across key forms of provision (public sector, market, family/household and voluntary sector). We analyse the relative importance of the different providers of elder care in four European countries in order to highlight the relationship and interactions between paid and unpaid modes of care work. As well as revealing contrasting national configurations, our findings show clear interconnections between work undertaken in differing socioeconomic modes, such that what goes on in one sector impacts upon what goes on in another. Building on a 'total social organization of labour' framework, this analysis of a specific field develops further an approach that may also be deployed elsewhere.
The division of labour, an enduring concept of the sociology of work, has yet to receive fundamental critical re-evaluation. The need for this is exposed especially by developments in global work and ...employment, and the ensuing complexity and variety of contemporary connections and divisions of labour The aim of this article is to initiate a process of conceptual renewal. Having reviewed classical and 20th-century formulations of the concept, I propose a broader and multidimensional framework. Here, overall socio-economic formations of labour are viewed as constituted through the interplay between three forms of integration and differentiation: the technical division and allocation of labour, interdependerv cies between work across socio-economic modes, and across overall instituted processes of labour in production, distribution, exchange and consumption. The framework may be used to explore connections and divisions of labour at different scales and levels of generality.
알렉산드르 보그다노프는 1908년에 쓴 볼셰비끼 과학소설인 『붉은 별』에서 사회주의가 완성된 사회인 화성과 사회주의가 미완으로 끝난 지구를 대비하는 가운데』 경제학 단기 코스』(1897)에서 개진한 자신의 사회주의 경제이론, 당대의 사상적 좌표 속에서 정립한 자신의 경험일원론, 과학기술이론, 노동의 조직과 분배이론, 볼셰비끼로서 벌인 프롤레타리아문화 ...운동과 예술 등에 대해 이야기하고 있다. 본 논문은 그의 소설 속에 나타난 이러한 보그다노프의 여러 가지 사상들을 살펴보고 세계자본주의가 지배하는 현대사회에서 그의 사회주의이론이 갖는 의미를 살펴보고자 한다.
Bogdanov has written a book 『A short course on economics』 in 1897 and has written a preface for 『Capital』 translated into russian in 1909. He has established < Socialist Institute of Social Science > in 1917 and gave lecture about economics. He has been well familiar with general economics and political economy. On the other hand he believes in vision to which scientific technology points as suggested by an argument with Lenin about Taylorism. Furthermore he has contributed to the establishment of < Institute of Blood Transfusion >. Besides these he has led < Proletkult > for a proletarian culture movement. And he has led a philosophical discussion with Lenin. He was a Bolshevik as Leonid in his novel 『Red Star』. In a word, his novel 『Red Star』 seems to be a general examination of his developing ideas and thoughts. Bogdanov`s novel has a s simple plot according to which a hero Leonid reaches a Martian society and watches a completed socialism through a technological development, cultural high - degree level etc. In the meanwhile Leonid comes to love Netti and kills Sternyi to argue to invade an Earth. It is interesting that Earth`s socialism not to be done and Mar`s completed socialism is compared in terms of environment, culture etc. In this context this treatise will examine the prehistory in Russia and abroad of SF novels and influences of 『Red Star』. This treatise pays attention to the novel 『What is to be done?』 of Chernyshevsky. And then this treatise analyzes various parts such as a factory in section Ⅱ in chapter Ⅱ, community of children in chapter Ⅲ, section about art museum, hospital, clothes factory in section Ⅲ in chapter Ⅲ where his ideas about socialistic society. This treatise aims at showing his vision and theory of socialism by extracting an aspect from many aspects which is included and connected organically each other in 『Red Star』. And at the same time this treatise tries to show how his novel 『Red Star』 reflects his various ideas about a scientific technology and its progress, socially organized society, socialistic organization of production and distribution, promotion of productivity of labour by technology, socialization of means of production, cultural level to reach the completion of socialism like Mar in his novel. Lastly this treatise tries to think about a possibility to reach a socialism where world capitalism prevails today. Especially I am reluctant to agree with his vision to abolish a contradiction of capitalism such as private ownership and reach a socialization of means of production through a scientific organization of labour, not by emancipation of labour from wage system of capitalism. We cannot help saying that we cannot anticipate whether the possibility to reach a socialism comes to utopia or dystopia though Bogdanov has a optimistic vision about a utopia. Finally I think that Bogdanov anticipates the idea of participatory economics in spite of some weakness in his idea such as a prevailing inclination to technology and scientific organization of labour.
This article approaches the social organization of labour in Almería's fruit and vegetable farming from the viewpoint of social sustainability. The article is grounded on a complex notion of labour, ...involving sociocultural dimensions as well as class, ethnic, and sex-gender social relationships, and taking into account the way in which labour is rooted into social institutions as a whole. Our first hypothesis suggests that a contradiction exists between the major role that labour plays in the continuity of farming among women and immigrants, on the one hand, and the tendency to undervalue these forms of work, on the other. Our second hypothesis is that labour organization is structured upon a set of socially unsustainable factors, which put workers' labour and life conditions at stake. The text is based on a qualitative analysis, supported by interviewing and participant observation techniques.
This paper sets out to establish a general contrast between the traditions of agrarian bondage that characterized the West in the wake of the disintegration of the Roman empire and the peculiar ...vulnerability of the peasantry in the Byzantine, Sasanian and Islamic Near East. Within this general contrast between peasantries, I explore the differences between aristocracies in the late antique and post‐Roman worlds, date the beginnings of the medieval expansion to the seventh century, and advance a critique of the way Chris Wickham handles the relations of production of the early middle ages. I argue that there was both more coercion and more complexity in the use of labour than Wickham's characterization of a self‐managing peasantry suggests. The paper concludes by looking at some of the peculiarities of agrarian domination in the Near East.
PDF
