Hamas and civil society in Gaza Roy, Sara; Roy, Sara
2011., 20131110, 2013, 2011, 2011-06-01, 2014-01-01, 20110101, Letnik:
50
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Many in the United States and Israel believe that Hamas is nothing but a terrorist organization, and that its social sector serves merely to recruit new supporters for its violent agenda. Based on ...Sara Roy's extensive fieldwork in the Gaza Strip and West Bank during the critical period of the Oslo peace process, Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza shows how the social service activities sponsored by the Islamist group emphasized not political violence but rather community development and civic restoration.
The development of the Oslo Rift started in the latest Carboniferous in the northern foreland of the Variscan Orogen. The initial, intensive, and mainly mafic magmatism at around 300 Ma, was followed ...by a period of some 40 m.y. of mafic and felsic volcanic and plutonic activity. The present study applied U-Pb in zircon on rocks of the Krokskogen area northwest of Oslo to resolve in greater detail the sequence of events in this evolution. A major challenge, however, has been the absence or paucity of zircon, and their low quality for dating, in some of the important units, especially the alkalic (latitic) rhomb porphyries. The earliest rhomb porphyry flow RP1 yields an age of 299.7 ± 0.4 Ma. It was thus coeval with the earliest basaltic and alkalic eruptions in the southern part of the Oslo Graben. Flows RP6 and RP7 yield overlapping ages of 285.5 ± 0.8 and 284.9 ± 0.5 Ma, and RP11 is 280.2 ± 0.5 Ma. The Bærum, Oppkuven and Heggelia caldera volcanoes, and the Slottet kjelsåsite pluton developed at 276.7 to 275.9 Ma while the Øyangen caldera is somewhat younger at 273–272 Ma. A kjelsåsite stock has an age of 265.4 ± 0.6 Ma, predating the 262.3 ± 0.5 Ma Blindern rhomb porphyry-like dyke, which is among the youngest magmatic expressions in the rift. The new data stress the importance of the magmatic burst at around 300 Ma, possibly plume related, along the entire Oslo Rift, and sharpens our understanding of the timing of the subsequent protracted sequence of magmatic events reflecting continuous heating and stress in the lithosphere, likely broadly controlled by processes accompanying the closing of Pangea.
•Zircon U-Pb ages indicate an evolution lasting over 40 million years in the Oslo Rift.•The earliest rhomb porphyry flow is 299.7 ± 0.4 Ma, coeval with the earliest magmas.•Subsequent flows include RP6 and RP7 at about 285 and RB11 at 280 Ma.•Central volcanoes developed at 276 and 273 Ma.•The youngest ages are for a 265 Ma kjelsåsite and a 262 Ma rhomb porphyry dyke.
Bike sharing could provide a key role in a transition towards a less car dependent and more sustainable, healthy and socially inclusive urban transport future. This paper investigates two important ...prerequisites for bike sharing to fulfil these premises: Does it synergise rather than compete with current alternatives to car-based urban mobility; and is it inclusively accessible across population and spatial segments? Drawing on complete 2016–2017 trip records of the Oslo (Norway) bike sharing system, this paper analyses the potential use of bike sharing for accessing, egressing and interchanging public transport and explores its age and gender dimensions. Bike sharing ridership is substantially higher on routes that either start or end with metro/rail connectivity, whilst controlling for other factors, such as route distance, elevation, urban form, time of day and bike dock capacities. However, our results also reveal that bike sharing – both as a stand-alone system and in conjunction with public transport – is less accessible to, suited to, and used by women and older age groups. Especially gender biases appear profound, multifaceted, and intersected by spatial inequalities favouring central male-dominated employment areas. These findings are discussed to derive policy and design directions regarding multimodal integration, dock expansion, rental limitations, and the introduction of e-bikes, to improve the performance, multimodal integration, gender equality and overall socio-spatial inclusiveness of bike sharing.
PurposeExisting innovation frameworks suggest that manufacturing firms have traditionally developed a complementary model of technological innovations comprising process and product innovations (e.g. ...Oslo Manual). This article presents digital service innovation as a novel form of technological innovation that is capable of enhancing the performance of firms in certain manufacturing industries.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on technological innovation and digital servitization fields of research, this study argues that digital service innovation, in manufacturing contexts, complements traditional sources of technological innovation, so increasing the profit margins of firms. This effect is significant in industries characterized by business-to-business contexts, high presence of link channels and long product life spans (e.g. manufacturing and computer-based industries). Predictions are tested on a unique sample of 423 Spanish manufacturing firms using parametric (t-test) and nonparametric (fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, fsQCA) approaches.FindingsThe results of this analysis show that a necessary condition so that manufacturing firms can increase profits is the deployment of simultaneous process and product innovations. It also reveals that optimal configuration requires that digital service innovation be undertaken, particularly in machinery and computer-based manufacturing industries. Hence, all three sources of technological innovation are brought together in order to reach the highest levels of company performance. The evidence suggests that technological innovation and digital servitization are closely interrelated in highly innovative manufacturing contexts.Originality/valueThis study's originality and value reside in the fact that it reveals the existence of firms incorporating digital service innovation – a new, technological innovation dimension that challenges existing innovation frameworks – to complement traditional technological innovation sources, namely process and product innovation. Moreover, the study conceptualizes and empirically tests the value-adding role of digital services in firms' technological innovation portfolio.
The recent debate on urban vibrancy and its associated spatial characteristics worldwide has increasingly attracted the attention of planners and decision-makers in Norway and the European Union ...seeking to develop compact cities. This study investigated the spatial pattern of urban vibrancy associated with urban form and the determinants in Oslo, Norway. A total of 552 km2 of the Oslo central metropolitan area was classified into 12 neighborhood groups and a data-driven methodology was applied via SPSS, Python, and ArcGIS to analyze urban vibrancy, where each cell was denoted as a 1 km2 area of 24 variables. As a result of clustering via principal component analysis, six principal components were extracted with 12 critical factors. Results indicated that the location and distribution of commercial buildings, public buildings, residential buildings, and companies and the total population are the most important drivers of neighborhood vibrancy in Oslo. Vibrant neighborhoods usually appear in high-density, central urban areas with a high concentration of commercial and public buildings with various functions along main streets. In contrast, less vibrant neighborhoods have fewer service facilities and are surrounded by single residential areas, large venues, green spaces, vacant land, or land for transportation in the low-density suburban and semi-urbanized areas. This research offers a quantitative basis for a wider range of neighborhood performance assessments, provides a discussion of compact city theory, and draws the attention of decision-makers on planning policy at the neighborhood level, which can also be adapted to other European cities.
•Geospatial social media data are used to evaluate neighborhood urban vibrancy.•Urban form and spatial patterns are the determinants of neighborhoods' performance.•Density of services and facilities drives the intensity of activity and vitality.•Geographically mixed-use with multi-functional streets attracts more social life.•Compact city development is the way out for Nordic countries' cities in the new agenda.
The relationship between spatial mobility and place attachment has always been an important part of the psychology of place. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the context of ...international migration. Thus, this paper brings together the existing scholarship on place attachment and migration studies in order to discuss the development of place attachment among settled migrants, focusing on the example of Poles living in London and Oslo. Drawing on 60 semi-structured in-depth interviews, it is argued that people's bonding with a new place of residence could be described more adequately as a dynamic process rather than through static typologies. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that different aspects of place attachment, namely place dependence, place discovered, place identity, and place inherited, often coexist and may emerge gradually in the process of adaptation to a new urban setting.
•Studying migrants' place attachment as a process offers a new insight.•Different aspects of place attachment emerge gradually with time and may coexist.•Even first generation migrants may develop strong bonds with their destination places.•Relative forms of attachment based on affordances or direct experiences emerge fast.
Area-based initiatives (ABIs) set out to improve livability and living conditions in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods by making use of extensive citizen participation. ABIs are often criticized for ...constituting a form of undemocratic tokenism; this creates the illusion that residents have a say over urban development because citizens are only given consultative power. This paper takes a different perspective. We follow the ‘systemic turn’ in democratic theory, which addresses how direct citizen participation can reduce problems of inclusion, communication, and collective action created by defects in representative democracy. We find evidence that our case, the Grønland-Tøyen ABI in Oslo, Norway, at its best, is able to include new, previously marginalized groups in formulating a collective will that eventually impact city government policy. We argue that these cases show the potential of ABIs to enhance government effectiveness, as the participatory process creates preferable solutions to those produced by city experts. We also argue that it is the narrow scope of the participation schemes, rather than the lack of power devolved to citizens, that limits the ABIs contribution to urban democracy. This hinders the ABI's ability to address social justice and puts the legitimacy of the participatory arrangements at risk.
•The paper argues ABIs have the potential to enhance urban democracy by including marginalized groups in decision-making.•The Grønland-Tøyen ABI in Oslo includes marginalized perspectives in policy formulation through targeted recruitment.•The narrow scope of participation schemes limits ABIs' ability to address social justice issues.•The paper argues that this narrow scope, rather than limited citizen power, hinder ABIs contribution to democracy.
It has been doubted whether people in peripheral Norwaywere able to master the technique of extracting metal fromsolid rock, prior to the Late Middle Ages, when Germanminers prospected and explored ...ore deposits. This papersheds light on metallurgists working in the medieval Oldtown of Oslo, their access to local raw materials, andtheir metallurgical expertise and abilities. It is argued thatpeople living in Oslo had access to the rock mineral galena(PbS), and that by AD 1150–1200, at the latest, they hadthe technology to produce lead. It can be contended thatmetallurgical activities took place in two different areas ofthe town. The study also indicates that local lead was incirculation simultaneously as lead from foreign sources,which may have provided new opportunities for actors in thetown. While the lead was used to produce so-called everydayproducts, indications of serial production of spinning whorls,exceeding that of a normal household, could have beenconnected to a specialized industry for shoe production.Furthermore, this paper demonstrates how with crossdisciplinarymethods, new information can be gathered fromold treasures.
The Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere–Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate), funded by NordForsk in the years 2011–2016, is the largest joint Nordic research and ...innovation initiative to date, aiming to strengthen research and innovation regarding climate change issues in the Nordic region. CRAICC gathered more than 100 scientists from all Nordic countries in a virtual centre with the objectives of identifying and quantifying the major processes controlling Arctic warming and related feedback mechanisms, outlining strategies to mitigate Arctic warming, and developing Nordic Earth system modelling with a focus on short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), including natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The outcome of CRAICC is reflected in more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications, most of which are in the CRAICC special issue of the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. This paper presents an overview of the main scientific topics investigated in the centre and provides the reader with a state-of-the-art comprehensive summary of what has been achieved in CRAICC with links to the particular publications for further detail. Faced with a vast amount of scientific discovery, we do not claim to completely summarize the results from CRAICC within this paper, but rather concentrate here on the main results which are related to feedback loops in climate change–cryosphere interactions that affect Arctic amplification.
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