Pressure reducing valves are frequently used within water distribution networks to reduce pressure values. The use of a pump working as a turbine (PAT) to recover the dissipated energy is generally ...considered the most cost-effective solution, but PATs are not provided with any regulation device. Thus, in presence of variable hydraulic conditions, a regulation system has to be inserted in the power plant to obtain the requested backpressure value. A comparison among the feasible regulation systems for PAT reg- ulation is discussed and the optimal solution is found by means of the power plant effectiveness, combining system capability, flexibility and reliability.
A collection of John P. Meadows's interviews originally given to refute inaccuracies in the 1930 movie Billy the Kid. Also includes Meadows's memories of the Southwest's frontier days and the ...characters he knew.
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Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a revolutionary technology in pharmaceuticals, enabling the personalisation of flexible-dose drug products and 3D printed polypills ...(polyprintlets). A major barrier to entry of this technology is the lack of non-destructive quality control methods capable of verifying the dosage of multiple drugs in polyprintlets at the point of dispensing. In the present study, 3D printed films and cylindrical polyprintlets were loaded with flexible, therapeutic dosages of two distinct drugs (amlodipine and lisinopril) across concentration ranges of 1–5% w/w and 2–10% w/w, respectively. The polyprintlets were non-destructively analysed for dose content using a portable near infrared (NIR) spectrometer and validated calibration models were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression, which showed excellent linearity (R2 Pred = 0.997, 0.991), accuracy (RMSEP = 0.24%, 0.24%) and specificity (LV1 = 82.77%, 79.55%) for amlodipine and lisinopril, respectively. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that sintering partially transformed the phase of both drugs from the crystalline to amorphous forms. For the first time, we report a non-destructive method for quality control of two separate active ingredients in a single 3D printed drug product using NIR spectroscopy, overcoming a major barrier to the integration of 3D printing into clinical practice.
Process analytical technology (PAT), which espouses the use of in-line analytics to monitor critical process parameters (CPPs), critical quality attributes (CQAs) and mathematical analyses, was ...employed to elucidate underlying carbon-source metabolism of a lycopene-producing E. coli strain during non-induced and induced batch fermentations. In-line dielectric and Raman spectroscopies were deployed to monitor real-time culture biomass viability (X), primary substrate glucose (S), and intracellular lycopene production (P), together with off-line HPLC quantification of broth acetate (A). In-line PAT monitoring enabled identification of two distinct metabolic regimes during induced batch run with lycopene accumulation. Biokinetics mathematical models using differential-algebraic equations and Monod-type conversions were formulated to explain experimentally measured dynamic trends of the state variables X, S, A and P during the batch runs. Their optimized model parameters and seven dimensionless ratios reflected changes in concentrations or rates relative to glucose, acetate, or lycopene. The calculated rates of culture growth, glucose utilization, acetate accumulation, and lycopene production revealed salient underlying carbon metabolic shifts and transient trends that explained phenomenological observations: such as growth patterns, carbon source usage, overflow mechanism, cellular affinity or inhibitory effects, and lycopene cytotoxicity. These parameters and dimensionless ratios could be used to compare novel strains, develop in silico simulations for scale-up or troubleshoot batch-to-batch variations.
•Apply PAT methodology with in-line monitoring and mathematical modelling to E. coli strain culture overproducing lycopene.•Biokinetics modelling using differential-algebraic equations (DAE) with Monod-type conversions described state variables.•Optimised model parameters and 7 dimensionless ratios reflected time-dependent changes in rates or concentrations.•Calculated change in rates of fluxes and concentrations revealed salient underlying metabolic shifts and transient trends.•Models explain cell growth, carbon source use, overflow mechanism, affinity or inhibitory effects, lycopene cytotoxicity.
I Wanna Talk to Pat Saylor, Gage
Southern humanities review,
01/2022, Letnik:
55, Številka:
3/4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Saylor explains why he wanna talk with Pat. He met Pat Conroy working in a bookstore, smiled, bagged, pretended him another cherub-cheeked geezer buying books on coastal navigation. My wound is ...geographyy Pat wrote, like the Carolina border carved into the thigh. How he could love a place enough to be branded by it and still want to rescue what has been damaged by lawless, self-serving, corrupt, racist, incompetent, arrogant, murderous assholes and still long for, need, shrimp & grits on the patio of a Lowcountry restaurant, surrounded by men in cream seersucker suits who scream manners. Pat Conroy died, and he went to his grave. He left a pen, like an unoriginal flicking idiot, and he wept because he never got to tell him the pain of loving the state that the sixth attorney general had considered too small for a republic. He wanna talk to Pat and tell him that geography is his burden.
Governments worldwide have adopted environmental regulations to fight global warming. In 2012, the Government of India introduced the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT), a cap-and-trade scheme, to ...achieve energy efficiency for large-sized industries. The extant literature is divided on the impacts of environmental regulations on firm performance. While the win-win argument of Porter and Van der Linde (1991) proposes a positive effect, the cost-regulation theory suggests a negative impact. Against this backdrop, we examine the impact of the PAT scheme on energy efficiency and firm value. As an identification strategy, we employ difference-in-differences (DID) combined with propensity score matching methods on firm level data from 2006 to 2015. We do not find evidence of a statistically significant impact of the PAT scheme on firms' energy efficiency. In contrast, our results suggest that the scheme adversely affects firm value. Furthermore, we find that increased expenditure on repair and maintenance, research and development, rising plant and machinery purchases, and a fall in productivity are the potential channels through which the PAT scheme impacts firm value. Our results are robust to alternative definitions of energy intensity, firm value, and empirical specifications.
•Perform, Achieve & Trade scheme aims to enhance energy efficiency of Indian industry.•Matching-based difference-in-differences technique is used on firm-level panel data.•PAT scheme does not impact energy efficiency but negatively affects firm value.•Higher repairs, R&D expenses & lower productivity are reasons for lower firm value.•Several robustness tests are conducted to confirm the validity of our main results.
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) instruments include analyzers capable of measuring physical and chemical process parameters and key attributes with the goal of optimizing process controls. PAT in ...the form of a probe or sensor is designed to integrate within the pharmaceutical manufacturing line and is coupled with computing equipment to perform chemometric modeling for result interpretation and multilayer statistical control of processes. PAT solutions are intended for understanding bioprocesses with a goal to control quality at all stages of product manufacturing and achieve quality by design (QbD). The goal of PAT implementation is to promote real-time release of products to decrease the cycle time and cost of production. This review focuses on the applications of PAT solutions at different stages of the manufacturing process for vaccine production, the advantages, challenges at present state, and the vision of the future development of biopharmaceutical industries.
Overview of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) design lifecycle for biopharmaceuticals (vaccines) Created with Biorender.com. Display omitted
•PAT solutions in pharmaceuticals and vaccines.•In-line and on-line technologies for the upstream and downstream process: Raman, NIR, mid-IR, DLS, NMR.•In-line probes for the formulation: mid-IR, particle sizing and imaging.•PAT is a portal to digital manufacturing – statistical methods and machine learning.•PAT for decisions in real time – compression of time for faster product development.
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•A NIR based PAT tool for monitoring transformation of ibuprofen to ibuprofen sodium.•PLS models for quantification of ibuprofen conversion during wet granulation.•Model validation on ...trial batches with varying ibuprofen acid-salt conversion rate.•Dissolution rates match NIR-predicted ibuprofen sodium concentrations post-granulation.
The aim of this research was to develop a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for monitoring the transformation of the active ingredient ibuprofen into the fast-dissolving salt ibuprofen sodium during the wet granulation process. Two near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometers, portable and benchtop spectrophotometer, were compared. During the analysis with the built models, both demonstrated comparable accuracy and precision (R2X = 0.995, R2Y = 0.927, Q2 = 0.995, and R2X = 0.990, R2Y = 0.948, Q2 = 0.992, respectively). Considering the applicability, a model based on the portable NIR spectroscopic data was chosen for further development and application as a PAT tool for monitoring different steps during the wet granulation process. The evaluation of the model's predictive capability involved analyzing laboratory trial batches with varying amounts of sodium carbonate, resulting in different concentrations of ibuprofen sodium at the end of the wet granulation process. Subsequently, tablets were manufactured from each trial batch, followed by dissolution analysis. The dissolution rate assays were in good agreement with the NIR-predicted concentrations of ibuprofen sodium at the end of the wet granulation process. Based on the results, the proposed model provides an excellent tool to monitor the ibuprofen acid-salt transformation, to determine the end-point of the reaction, and to efficiently control the wet granulation process.
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